Table Of ContentHARVARD-RADCLIFFE FINE ARTS SERIES
ARCHAIC SCULPTURE IN BOEOTIA
ARCHAIC SCULPTURE
IN BOEOTIA
BY
FREDERICK R. GRACE
LOXDOX : Hm!PRREY :\IILFORD
OXFORD 'CXITERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1939
COPYRIGilT. 1939
Bl" THE PRESlDEXT .\XD FELLOWS OF H:\R\"ARD COLLEGE
PRINTED AT THE HAR
VA RD l1NTvERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MA.8SACH1JSETTs, U. 8. A.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . : . . . . • . . . . • . • . . . . • • S
Earlier studies of the subject, p. 8 - Lack of clearly marked local schools of archaic
sculpture, p. 8-Scope of present study, p. 6-Summary of results, p. 7.
I. TERRA CoTTAs OF THE LATE GEOMETRIC AND SUB-GEOMETRIC PERIODS 10
Date of this series of figurines, p. 10 - Comparisons with contemporary painted vases,
p. 10 - With other contemporary plastic representations of the human form, p. 11 -
Use of the figurines, p. 18-Painted representations of jewelry on the figurines, p. 14
- Lack of material from the late seventh century, p. 15.
II. RELIEF PITHOI 16
Classification by Hampe, p. 16-Chronology, p. 17 - Comparisons with terracotta
figurines, p. 18 - Comparison of the two pithoi in Boston, p. 18 - Comparison of the
pithoi with Melian vases, p. 19.
III. "BIRD-FACED" FIGURINES 21
Chronology, excavations of Mycalessos and of Tanagra, p. 21 - Variants of the type,
p. 28 - The Boeotian cylix ware, p. 23 - A final variant of the figurine, p. 24 - Sig
nificance qf these figurines for Boeotian relations with Corinth, p. 25.
IV. FIGURINES WITH MOULDED HEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • 27
Lack of external evidence for chronology, p. 27 - Recent theories concerning the date
of these figurines, p. 28 - Stylistic grouping: Group A, p. SO - Group B, p. SS -
Group C, p. S8 - Group D, p. 87 - Group E, p. 88 - Figurines from Rhitsona, p. 40
- Comparison with contemporary marble sculpture, p. 41 - A series of marble
Statues from Mt. Ptoos, p. 48 - Continuity of terra cotta tradition at Rhitsona, p~ 46
- Examples of this type of figurine from other Boeotian sites, p. 46.
V. MONUMENTAL SCULPTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . • • 49
Two small bronze figurines, p. 49 - A terra cotta figure from Halae, p. 50 - Small
marble head from Mt. Ptoos, p. 51 - Torso from Skimatari, p. 52 - Two xoana from
Mt. Ptoos, p. 58 - Dermys and Kitylos, p. 58 - Kouros #1 in Thebes, p. 55 -
Kouros from Orchomenos, p. 57 - Marble head #15 in Athens, p. 58 - Fragment
of a similar head from Mt. Ptoos in Thebes, p. 60 - Bronze statuette in Athens,
p. 60-Kouros #B474 in the British Museum, p. 61-Limestone statuette in the
Louvre, p. 62 - Grave Stele in Boston, p. 68 - Marble head #14 in Thebes, p. 64
- Koilros #10 in Athens, p. 65 -Torso in Chaeronea, p. 66 - Fragmentary
Torsos in Delphi, p. 67 - Marble head #19 in Athens, p. 68 - Kouros #S in Thebes,
p. 69 - Kouros #12 in Athens, p. 70 - Marble head #15 in Thebes, p. 71 -
Marble head #17 in Athens, p. 72-Kouros #20 in Athens, p. 78-Relation of
marble and terracotta series, p. 74.
VI. CONCLUSION . 75
APPENDIX •. 77
ILLUSTRATIONS 85
[vii]
NOTE
T
HE abbreviations of titles of publications used in the follow-
ing essay are those listed in the American Journal of Archae-
ology, 1938, p. 200, with these exceptions and additions:
Jahrbuch: Jahrbuch d. k. d. Archaeologischen Instituts.
MuZ: E. Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen, Munich,
1923.
Winter: F. Winter, Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten, vol. I,
Berlin, 1903.
R
REFAC1
T
HE material for the present volume was gathered largely during the sum-
mer of 1937, when I resided at the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens. For the facilities of that school and for those of the Fogg Museum
at Cambridge and the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston I am most deeply
indebted.
The kindly assistance of Dr. Oikonomos, at Athens, and of Dr. Platon,
Ephor of Antiquities for the region of Boeotia and Phocis, at Thebes, has
made my work pleasant as well as easy. My special thanks are also due to
Madame Karouzos, Curator of the National Museum at Athens. Helpful
advice has come to me from many people, but particularly from Dean Chase
of Harvard University, Miss Richter of the Metropolitan Museum, Professor
Picard of the Sorbonne, and Mr. Rodney Young of the staff of the American
Excavation at the Athenian Agora.
There are two people whose assistance has gone so far that they might well
be called co-authors of the present work. They are my wife, Priscilla Grace,
and my sister, Virginia R. Grace.
F. R. G.
Cambridge, Mass.
May, 1939
BOEOTI
ARCHAIC SCULPTURE IN A
INTRODUCTION
Έ TH Έ N the last fifty years the archaic sculpture of Boeotia has been the
subject of a number of published studies. At least three separate analyses of
the preserved marble statues have been made, needless to say with three
quite disparate results. Holleaux, in his publication in the Bulletin de corre-
spondence hellenique of the sculpture found at Mt. Pto ös, attempted to cas
sify the material and explain his newly found Theban school. Deonna, in
Les Apollons. archaiques, under a separate heading for Boeotia, analyzed a
group of kouroi which, for various reasons, he considered as products of local
manufacture. Most recently Lullies, in the Jahrbuch for 1936, published an
article of the most modern kind of stylistic criticism in which he endeavored,
by sheer force of critical insight, to walk safely along even the treacherous
paths which divide the local imitation from the foreign model in cases of the
most tenuous differentiation. Although the most brief, Lullies' treatment of
the material is also the most inclusive of the three. It embraces nearly all of
the objects that had been by others considered Boeotian, as well as the greater
part of those found in Boeotia which his predecessors had believed to be im-
ported from abroad. Of him alone it might be said that he tended to slight
the problems of national authorship in an endeavor to tre~t all the material
which has been related to Boeotia. However, Lullies' discussion is still in
substance an attempt to analyze a supposed local schoo l, to define principles
of attribution so fully as to be able to distinguish between the Boeotian pupil
and his Attic master.
The present investigation was originally undertaken with the purpose of
reclassifying the material yet again on the same basis, altering an attribution
here and there, and attempting once more to define a specifically Boeotian
style. It was intended to offer another division of foreign-made and indig-
enous works, another analysis of relationships between the supposedly local
material and the products of other schools. But the conclusion that has been
brought home to me most forcefully, both by my own investigations and by
discussions with the many people who have helped me in this work, is that
such definition is impossible. Furthermore, under the conditions of limited
available information which govern modern criticism, it does not appear that
further discussion along the old lines of sharply drawn differentiation is any
more fruitful. Even such brilliant analysis as Lullies has brought to bear on
individual objects in the period of closest relationships between Boeotia and
[3
]
ARCHAIC SCULPTURE IN BOEOTI A
Attica can lead no further than the provisional acceptance or rejection of
attributions founded on highly subjective interpretations.
It is no longer my belief that clearly marked local schools are distinguish-
able or ever existed in Greek sculpture of the sixth century. That there were
widely divergent impulses arising in various parts of the Greek world and
affecting different sections in different ways is clear, and a knowledge of the
sources and transmissions of these impulses is of the greatest importance to
our understanding of the developments of this most important century for
the history of Greek sculpture. But it no longer appears possible to suppose
that various communities throughout Greece were developing peculiarly local
modes of plastic expression dependent upon peculiarly local geographical,
sociological, and political conditions. It is becoming more and more appar-
ent, on the other hand, that the really significant changes in Greek sculpture
during this period were transmitted from place to place very quickly, became,
in short, universal to the Greek world almost immediately upon conception.
This is the fundamental lesson which studies like Miss Richter's 1 eminently
logical discussion of the early Apollo statues have to teach us. Almost un-
affected by specific locus of manufacture, these major examples of early
sculpture pursue a clear and logical course in the development of plastic style
toward an always visible goal.
There is, of course, nothing very new in this point of view. That very re-
markable scholar, M. Pottier,2 long ago made clear how problematical are
even those larger subdivisions generally accepted by critics almost as axioms.
But it is a point of view which, in this day of increasing emphasis upon critical
analysis of formal expression, will bear repetition. It is with this in mind that,
in the following pages, I have wished to consider not merely a group of ob-
jects which I believe to be peculiarly Boeotian — to the exclusion of other
items, apparently as closely associated with that district but which, on one
ground or another, I believe to be imported from abroad — but rather all the
important material which is known to derive from Boeotia. For the same
reason, very few objects found elsewhere have been included. The present
essay is not an exercise in attribution, but rather an attempt to summarize
and, to a certain extent, interpret the whole sequence of monuments from
Boeotian soil. It is my belief that this sequence is itself of prime importance
as evidence of the changing relationships and point of view of the people of
this particular district, and that it should be set forth without distortions
based on secondary evidence from other sources.
For it is not the meaning of any of the above remarks to deny that certain
conditions of life in a given community will be reflected in the plastic expres-
1 Mettopolztan Museum Studies, V, pp. W f.
2 Le Problème de l'art dorien, Paris, 1908.
[4
]
Description:Within the last fifty years the archaic sculpture of Boeotia has been the subject of a number of published studies. At least three separate analyses of the preserved marble statues have been made, needless to say with three quite disparate results. Holleaux, in his publication in the Bulletin de cor
