Table Of ContentArchAeology And Architecture of
the MilitAry orders
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Archaeology and Architecture of
the Military orders
new studies
Edited by
MAthiAs PiAnA
Augsburg, Germany
and
christer cArlsson
Stockholm, Sweden
© Mathias Piana and christer carlsson 2014
All rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Mathias Piana and christer carlsson have asserted their right under the copyright, designs
and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
loc data has been applied for
ISBN 9781472420534 (hbk)
ISBN 9781472423351 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN 9781472423368 (ebk-ePUB)
III
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Preface xi
Introduction: History and Archaeology 1
Anthony Luttrell
PART I: The hosPITAlleR oRdeR/ The oRdeR of MAlTA
1 The Cabrei of the Order of Malta as an Archaeological Source:
Some Notes on Piedmont 7
Elena Bellomo
2 Varne Hospitaller Commandery: An Archaeological Field Project 19
Christer Carlsson
3 The Search for the Defensive System of the Knights in the
Dodecanese (Part II: Leros, Kalymnos, Kos and Bodrum) 29
Michael Heslop
4 Fall and Rise of the Hospitaller and Templar Castles in Syria
at the End of the Thirteenth Century 69
Benjamin Michaudel
PART II: The TeMPlAR oRdeR
5 I Templari nella Tuscia Viterbese: Vecchie Considerazioni
e Nuove Prospettive di Ricerca. Storia ed Architettura 83
Nadia Bagnarini
6 Templar and Hospitaller Establishments in Southern France:
The State of Research and New Perspectives 107
Damien Carraz
7 A Bulwark Never Conquered:
The Fortifications of the Templar Citadel of Tortosa on
the Syrian Coast 133
Mathias Piana
vi Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders
PART III: The TeuTonIc oRdeR
8 Renewed Research at Montfort Castle 175
Adrian J. Boas
9 Originality and Adaptation: The Architecture of the
Teutonic Order in Italy 193
Giulia Rossi Vairo
10 The Architecture of the Castles in the Prussian State
of the Teutonic Order 219
Tomasz Torbus
Index 251
List of Illustrations
1.1 The commandery of Murello in a cabreo from 1684.
Archivio di Stato di Torino 14
1.2 The church of S. Giovanni Battista and the castle of Murello
in a cabreo produced in 1716–17. Archivio di Stato di Torino 15
1.3 The area of Murello in a cabreo from 1783 17
2.1 Varne Hospitaller commandery is situated close to the
Oslo Fjord some 50 km south of Oslo 20
2.2 The stone core of the wall was partly well preserved
and the medieval masonry could be studied once the walls
had been cleaned 23
2.3 The south-east corner of the commandery church during
excavation. The remains of a demolished pillar from the
church’s vault system are clearly visible in the centre of
the picture. The plaster on the wall continues behind the pillar,
a sign that the pillar belongs to a secondary system of vaults 24
2.4 The results of the georadar survey in Varne in October 2009.
The present manor house is situated in the northern part of
the plan while the remains of the former commandery church
can be seen in the centre. The outlines of the newly discovered
50 m long building are located just to the south of the
seventeenth-century manor house. The older building is partly
covered by the younger structure and a number of internal
walls in the medieval building can be identified (Published with
permission from The Swedish National Heritage Board, Contract
Archaeological Service (UV)) 26
3.1 Map of Hospitaller islands of the Dodecanese 30
3.2 Map of Leros with sight lines 31
3.3 The castle of Panteli 35
3.4 Map of Kalymnos with sight lines 38
3.5 The castle of Pera Kastro or Chrysocheria 43
3.6 Map of Kos with sight lines 44
3.7 The castle of Kastelli Kephalou 54
3.8 Cr. Buondelmonti – maps of Kos and Bodrum from a
fifteenth century manuscript 57
3.9 The tower of Drakissa 58
3.10 The castle of Bodrum 60
3.11 The Hospitallers’ defensive system – sight lines between
Leros and Rhodes 60
4.1 Margat castle, the central courtyard from the south 70
viii Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders
4.2 Krak des Chevaliers, southern gate defended by a portcullis
and slot machicolations 71
4.3 Krak des Chevaliers, western front defended by
box machicolations 72
4.4 Ṣāfīthā, Templar keep (master tower) 72
4.5 Krak des Chevaliers, arrow-slits with aiming devices
at their bases 73
4.6 Krak des Chevaliers, continuous corbel machicolations 78
4.7 Krak des Chevaliers, three-storeyed parapet 78
5.1 Viterbo, S. Maria in Carbonara, domus, prospetto orientale 86
5.2 Marta (Viterbo), Castell’Araldo, parte delle mura della
struttura difensiva 90
5.3 Civitavecchia, San Giulio, torre, prospetto orientale 95
5.4 Valentano, S. Maria del Tempio, chiesa e domus 100
5.5 Bagnoregio, S. Maria in Capita, facciata della chiesa 102
6.1 Richerenches (Vaucluse), a Templar house: interior elevation
of the south wall (© Jean-Marc Mignon, Service Archéologique
du Conseil Général de Vaucluse) 116
6.2 Montfrin (Gard), plan of the Templar commandery
(© Sophie Aspord-Mercier) 119
6.3 Ruou (Var), plan of the Templar commandery
(© Robert Thernot, INRAP, 2004) 122
6.4 L’Argentière-La-Bessée (Hautes-Alpes), cemetery of the
Hospitallers: rock tomb with a deposit of two pégaus
(twelfth–thirteenth centuries) (© Stefan Tzortzis, 2000) 126
6.5 Marseilles, hospital of the Holy Sepulchre: Muslim burials
(thirteenth century) (© Francis Cognard, INRAP) 129
7.1 The layout of the Crusader town 140
7.2 Ground plan of the Templar citadel 140
7.3 South-east section of inner enclosure wall, twelfth-century
wall with thirteenth-century addition (above white line) 142
7.4 North-east corner of outer enclosure wall, showing gate tower
to the right 143
7.5 Tower at south section of inner enclosure wall 144
7.6 The gate tower of the citadel, ground plan of upper floor 146
7.7 The southern sea tower, viewed from the west 147
7.8 Interior of the hall at the northern sea wall, looking south.
To the left, blocked postern in earlier wall 148
7.9 The Templar palace, ground plan of the great hall at the upper floor 149
7.10 Templar chapel, west façade (left), interior looking east (right) 150
7.11 Templar keep, northern gallery from the east, showing north
façade of pre-Templar donjon to the left 153
7.12 Ground plans of pre-Templar donjon (top) and of later
expansion to Templar keep (bottom) 155
List of Illustrations ix
7.13 Templar keep, south façade (left), interior of northern
outbuilding showing north section of apron-wall with
main entrance to building (right) 156
7.14 Templar keep, chamber at first floor of southern outbuilding
showing the south-east corner of the keep’s apron-wall 157
7.15 Templar keep, ground plan showing outbuildings (top) and
plan of first floor level (bottom) 158
7.16 Templar keep, section (N–S) of north gallery and forebuilding 159
8.1 Cornelius Van de Velde’s illustration of the castle, 1851 176
8.2 South slope of Montfort after the 1926 expedition
(© The Metropolitan Museum of Art, archives of the
Department of Arms and Armor) 178
8.3 General view of the castle from the north-east 181
8.4 The keep viewed from the south 184
8.5 Basement of the central domestic wing 185
8.6 The Great Hall 188
8.7 The outer moat 190
8.8 The outer fortifications at the end of the excavations in 2012 192
9.1 The tower of Monterazzano 203
9.2 The castle of La Margana 205
9.3 Torre Alemanna 208
9.4 The house of Risalaimi 209
9.5 The commandery of Canseria 215
10.1 The castle of Toruń (Thorn), ground plan 227
10.2 The castle of Elbląg (Elbing), ground plan 229
10.3 The castle of Zamek Bierzgłowski (Birgelau), portal 230
10.4 The castle of Radzyń Chełmiński (Rehden), ground plan 231
10.5 The castle of Radzyń Chełmiński (Rehden), view
from south-west 232
10.6 The castle of Świecie (Schwetz), view from south 235
10.7 The castle of Nidzica (Neidenburg), east towers
viewed from west 236
10.8 The castle of Neman (Ragnit), ground plan 237
10.9 The castle of Lidzbark Warmiński (Heilsberg) 239
10.10 Marienburg, the ‘High Castle’, ground plan of original stage 241
10.11 ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter Refectories’; ground floor (bottom)
displaying the ‘Palace of the Grand Master’ (left) and the
‘Grand Refectory’ (right)” 242
10.12 Marienburg, the ‘Summer Refectory’ 243
10.13 Cēsis (Wenden), entrance façade of the commandery castle,
temporary seat of the Livonian Land Master 244
