Archaeological Chemistry. Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis

466 Pages·1996·43.23 MB·English

by  Mary Virginia Orna (Eds.)

ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 625
Archaeological Chemistry
Organic, Inorganic, and
Biochemical Analysis
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Jd Developed from a symposium sponsored
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April 2-6, 1995
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1996
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
CC 79 .C5A73 1996 Copy 1
Archaeological chemistry
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Archaeological chemistry: organic, inorganic, and biochemical analysis /
Mary Virginia Orna, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 625)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of the
History of Chemistry, the Division of Chemical Education, Inc., and the
Division of Analytical Chemistry, at the 209th National Meeting of the
American Chemical Society, Anaheim, California, April 2-6, 1995."
org 001 Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
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20 Analytical Chemistry. V. American Chemical Society. Meeting (209th:
une 28, oi: 10.1 C19C957:9 .CA5nAah7e3im 19, 9C6a lif.) VI. Series.
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Do Pu All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES AMERICA
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
1995 Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
Robert J. Alaimo Cynthia A. Maryanoff
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical
Research Institute
Mark Arnold
University of Iowa Roger A. Minear
org 001 University of Illinois
12 | http://pubs.acs.1/bk-1996-0625.fw DUAPfnariizviveenrirdds Cit ayBem noatfrk TBaeleo rnR sneeess esaeerc h OAaVtT imU&nrkcTbea aBnnreatall -m PCLeah Nbacomoarrlapaataomirrgoinea s s u
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20 Robert F. Brady, Jr. University of Michigan
une 28, oi: 10.1 Naval Research Laboratory George W. Roberts
on J6 | d Mary E. Castellion North Carolina State University
35.42 5, 199 ChemEdit Company John R. Shapley
3.y Margaret A. Cavanaugh University of Illinois
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89.1e: M National Science Foundation at Urbana-Champaign
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bD Arthur B. Ellis Douglas A. Smith
wnloaded blication UGnuivnedrsai tIy. oGf Weoirscgo nsin at Madison LCo. nScourmreanstu Tnecdhanroalomgie s Corporation
Do Pu University of Kansas DuPont
Madeleine M. Joullie Michael D. Taylor
University of Pennsylvania Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research
Lawrence P. Klemann William C. Walker
Nabisco Foods Group DuPont
Douglas R. Lloyd Peter Willett
The University of Texas at Austin University of Sheffield (England)
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
Foreword
THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to
provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book
form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive
org 001 books developed from symposia, which are usually "snapshots
12 | http://pubs.acs.1/bk-1996-0625.fw ipssnaor rmotypim etoBh sreeaee"fdtvo i treohtewafe ba tlmph esaey ap omteecfrurp iscroa orsblien ueontm entpn -urtbthebsasel seii seasthdr oecr pbdehivoc aio.be skwe Fqi eniuosdgir c p ktfduholoyirtns ua aernsp e doappensrooro sn psaci,ro b itnilaotett pr.ei asinc cen,ts e,sp ct lehutsoes
02 the topic and for comprehensiveness of the collection. Some
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on J6 | d paper is peer-reviewed prior to final acceptance or rejection.
35.42 5, 199 Terh^is) aonf otnhyem soyumsp orseivuiemw, wphrooc ebsesc oims es utpheer veidseitdo rb(sy) tohfe t hoer gbaonoikz .
63.ay The authors then revise their papers according to the recom
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by Dat camera-ready copy, and submit the final papers to the editors,
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tions of previously published papers are not accepted.
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
Preface
TRACING CULTURAL EVOLUTION OVER CENTURIES and even millennia
is the exciting task shared by archaeologists and archaeological chemists.
Seldom financially rewarding, but of perennial interest, it has been the
subject of nine major symposia at national meetings of the American
Chemical Society. These symposia have attracted practicing archaeolo
gists, chemists, biochemists, cultural anthropologists, and members of
g 1 related disciplines from all over the world. The proceedings of five of
s.acs.or25.pr00 tChheesme iscyaml pSoosciiae thya v(Ae CbeSe)n, fcooullre citne dth ien vAodluvmanecse sp uinb liCshheedm bisytr tyh eS eArmieesr aicnadn
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p://p996- New methods in analytical chemistry, particularly methods coupled to
012 | htt21/bk-1 oacncee ssainboleth eorn itnh et aunldtreamtr,a chea vleev erle nadse rinedor gbaioncihce mmaictearli aslasm hpalvese baelmeno sot vaers
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163.35.4May 5, 1 wAhltahto ucghhe mnioc aoln aen aisly csilsa imcainng ttehlal t u"sJ uarbaosusitc pPraer-kC—olTuhmeb Riaena lcitiyvi"li zias trioingsh.t
89.e: around the corner, imaginations have been fired by the popularization of
by Dat DNA reconstruction and replication. These developments have given rise
d n to questions based on new possibilities in archaeological research.
Downloade Publicatio froersuePamrlac nhfs.o rfSo prp etrcheiseae lnp irtnaevtsiieotnantt i osanynms dpw oedsriiusec muses wnsiote rnteo ionsfoi tmiathetee dosef i nthn 1ee9w f9o 2rp-e9om3sso itsboti lwcitrioeerask teeir nas
in the field, and a call for papers was issued to every major venue of
archaeological research worldwide. The resulting program contained
papers from every major new area of archaeological research with an
emphasis on the pre-Columbian and biochemical aspects. This sympo
sium volume is a representative compilation of these papers. As such, it
will be of interest to practicing archaeologists, archaeological chemists,
anthropologists, historians of science, chemical educators, and all those
interested in the story of how chemistry, not without some controversy,
can help to trace the roots of humankind and the human environment
through the millennia.
ix
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
I sincerely thank each author for the time, effort, and cooperation it
took to prepare this material for publication.
MARY VIRGINIA ORNA
Department of Chemistry
College of New Rochelle
New Rochelle, NY 10805
October 15, 1995
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In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
Dedication
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s.acs.or25.pr00 THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED to Lucy Roy Sibley, whose life and work
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p://p996- contributions to the field of archaeological textiles continue to guide us
12 | htt1/bk-1 toward the future as we strive to understand the lifeways of the past.
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In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
Chapter 1
New Directions in Archaeological Chemistry
Mary Virginia Orna1 and Joseph B. Lambert2
1Department of Chemistry, College of New Rochelle,
New Rochelle, NY 10805
2Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113
org 001 This recent symposium on archaeological chemistry emphasized
cs.ch studies in new areas of interest to archaeologists and
s.a25. archaeological chemists. Not only are the traditional areas of
ub06 metal, glass, pottery, and stone treated, but also archaeological
p://p996- soils, fibers, dyes, bone, connective tissue, DNA, and organic
12 | htt1/bk-1 residues.
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y 89.163.ate: May elfarxobamomr atihtnoeart irieoespn oh raotssf comofn atchteeerni tabrlaiset enfdnr ioaomln i naetnexcrcineaanvtaito tminoaenlts aa lrswc,h osatreolondmew,e iptdroyet. t ecRroyenc faeenrnedtn cgreelassse saa,nr cadhs s epivenicd iaethlniezcseeedd
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Do Pu The modern field of archaeological chemistry arose during the first thirty years after
World War II as a result of the development of instrumental methods of inorganic
analysis, which made it possible to develop new areas in archaeological chemistry. The
methods of choice over the years have concentrated on elemental analysis, whether by
atomic absorption or emission, X-ray fluorescence, plasma emission spectroscopy, X-
ray powder diffraction, neutron activation analysis or mass spectrometry. These
methods have lent themselves to the analysis of stone and lithic artifacts, ceramic
materials, glass and metallic materials. Many of the methods of analysis, such as lead
isotope provenance studies of marble or elemental provenance studies of obsidian, have
passed through several generations of development. Some of the methods survived the
tests of validity and of utility. Some have disappeared from the scene, either because
the methods had fatal flaws or they did not really solve archaeological problems.
Inorganic methods continue to be improved upon and added to, and a large body of
literature has developed in this area.
0097-6156/96/0625-0001$12.00/0
© 19% American Chemical Society
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
The task of the archaeological chemist has become more complex than ever over
the past decade. Once the domain of analytical chemists turned "amateur
archaeologists," effective work in this area demands increasingly sophisticated
equipment by way of advanced instrumentation, increased knowledge of statistical
software packages for the assembling, processing and interpretation of coherent data-
sets, increased interaction with members of related disciplines, awareness of the ever-
burgeoning literature of archaeometry, archaeology and anthropology, and perhaps
more important than ever, continual interaction and collaboration with members of
related disciplines. Chemists working in this area must be aware of the fact that
analytical data can be completely meaningless unless it is interpreted within the matrix
surrounding the artifact or sample being investigated: professionally executed field
work, well-documented excavation, proper sampling technique and meaningful
scientific interpretation of the resulting data. Indeed, in the words of Ε. M. Jope (4), in
order for any type of work in archaeological chemistry "to be effective, it must be
collaborative. Integrations between excavators, investigators of excavated material,
g 1 prehistorians and historians, and scientists of all sorts, is now growing, so that we are
s.acs.or25.ch00 ifnocrmre.a"s ingly all one family seeking to present the past in a systematized and intelligible
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02
20 anthropologists in the use of new techniques on archaeological substrates and in the
on June 28, 6 | doi: 10.1 imcsnuotabneksrterptirsrba eutttehatesitsi do oc nntoo lotl heafce dts ialpoatananr ttoo bfion tpfa atimnhpeieasdrn s dyt hui roenerficeq ttfuhirooeenm. T isn,h ivnietec sisestoi golthiancetlioty acr tshii noorn ievcp oeerre foy spfe a rnoeptrceegedrans n tifi nocy r eta hatnhirdsiss bv hsioaoylscmu hmipetm oebs ieitcuehanmal t
35.42 5, 199 pdoetsescitbiolen tloim aitnsa tlhyazte e bniaoblloegs itchaels ean md eothrogdasn itco mlenadte trhiaelms swelivtehs tuhnei qsuigelnyif tioca snotllvyi nlgo wsoemr e
163.May difficult archaeological problems.
89.e: Hence, the characteristic of the symposium represented by the papers collected
y at in this volume was the virtual disappearance of many of the traditional materials
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the papers in Archaeological Chemistry - IV (proceedings of the Eighth Symposium; 6)
had inorganic materials as their subject. Of overwhelming interest to the contributors of
the symposium that forms the basis of this volume were fibers, dyes, bone, collagen,
archaeological soils, DNA analysis, and organic residues from a variety of artifacts
including rock paintings and pottery. Two papers dealt with archaeological mineralized
plant fiber. Three papers studied the identification of natural dyestuffs used for ancient
textiles from Western and Eastern Asia. Ten papers dealt with archaeological bone and
collagen, including dating, degradation determinations, analysis of lipid biomarkers,
and quantitative measurements to reconstruct paleodiets. Six papers examined
nucleotides in archaeological materials, including such technical difficulties as need for
extraction, purification and isolation of high molecular weight fragments. The
remainder of the papers reported on soil analysis, natural products, copper-based
artifacts and pigments, and inorganic and organic residues on artifacts. Two papers
each were presented on glass and metals; one paper each was presented on clay, flint,
and obsidian. In summary, fully thirty-four of the forty-eight papers submitted for
In Archaeological Chemistry; Orna, M.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.