Table Of ContentARCH BRIDGES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL ARCH BRIDGE CONFERENCE
VENICE/ITALY/6-90CTOBER 1998
Areh Bridges
History, analysis, assessment, maintenance and repair
Editedby
Anna Sinopoli
Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Venice, Italy
@
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Arch Bridges, Sinopoli (ed.)© 1998 Taylor & Francis, ISBN 90 5809 012 4
Table of contents
Preface IX
History 0/structural mechanics
1850-1880: Bridge-building and modem structural mechanics 3
E.Benvenuto
The relationship between the Gothic model and the conception ofbridges 15
ACoste
Empirical methods for the construction ofmasonry arch bridges in the 19th century 25
MCorradi
Arch and vault from 1800 to 1864 37
K.-E. Kurrer & A Kahlow
History 0/construction
Conceptional design ofRenaissance arch bridges 45
H.Falter &ABögle
Brick bridges and historical transportation systems 53
MChalana
Construction knowledge between the 18th and the 19th century applied to arched masonry 57
systems in Venice
G.Riva & P.Valle
M. Uvy versus lde La Gournerie: A debate about skew bridges 65
ABecchi
The masonry bridges and viaducts of the first Piedmontese railway, 1845-1853 73
LRe
The experimental approach in the evolution ofconstruction systems: The contribution 81
of the Porcheddu company ofThrin to the refinement ofthe Hennebique system
for the construction of arch bridges
AM Sassi Perino & G. Fa raggiana
v
Equilibrium and limit analysis
The assessment ofstrength ofmasonry arches 95
1 Heyman
Lower and upper bound theorems for masonry arches as rigid systems with unilateral contacts 99
ASinopoli, MCorradi & F.Foce
On the analysis of multi-ring brickwork arch bridges 109
MGilbert
On the definition of the geometrical safety factor ofmasonry arches 119
ADe Rubeis
The mechanism model in the seismic check of stone arches 123
P'Clemente &ARaithel
Theoretical models and analysis
Minimum and maximum thrust states in Statics of ancient masonry bridges 133
MComo
An upper bound analysis for the strength assessment ofmasonry arch bridges 139
AF.Ashour & .s:W.Garrity
A contact mechanical approach to the theory ofthe elastic voussoir arch 147
H. Parland & A Miettinen
Hardening and shakedown ofmasonry arch joints 155
B.T.Rosson & T.E.Boothby
On the use ofSomigliana dislocations applied to masonry arches 163
LFeletti & M Rapallini
Numerical methods Jor strength assessment
Finite/ discrete element models for assessment and repair of masonry structures 173
D.R.1Owen, D.Peric, N.Petrinic, CLBrookes & P.1James
Distinct element analysis ofstone arches 181
G. Mirabella Roberti & F. Calvetti
FE modelling of the dynamic response of Kimbolton Butts bridge 187
ABensalem, H.Ali-Ahmed, CA Fairfield & ASibbald
Numerical simulation ofexperiments in arch bridges 195
P.Roca, CMolins, T.G.Hughes & CSicilia
Interactive assessment of masonry arch bridges 205
AKumar
Load capacity of multi-arch masonry bridges 213
CMolins & P.Roca
VI
Safety evaluation and retrofitting of an arch r.c. bridge 223
CModena &D.Sonda
An approach to the structural model for masomy arch bridges: Pont Saint Martin as a case 231
study
G.Frunzio & MMonaco
Non-destructive testing
Tomography for NOT applied to masomy structures: Sonic and/or EM methods 243
S.Valle, LZanzi, LBinda, ASaisi & G.Lenzi
Radar testing of masomy arch bridges with soil backfill 253
CColla, D.MMcCann & MCForde
The behaviour ofopen spandrei brickwork arch bridges 263
CMelbourne & HTao
NOT as a tool for detection of gradual safety factor deterioration in loaded arches 271
A Bensalem, HAli-Ahmed, CA Fairfield & A Sibbald
Dynamics and experimental testing
Effects ofvehicle impact loading on masomy arch parapets 281
B.Hobbs, MGilbert & T.Molyneaux
The collapse behaviour of a multi-span skewed brickwork arch bridge 289
CMelbourne
Oynamic testing ofmasomy arch bridges 295
J.W.Bintrim,J.ALaman & T.E.Boothby
Restoration of a two arches masomy bridge: Experimental testing and mechanical behaviour 305
ASalvatori
Special problems and new design
Some notes on system behaviour in arch bridges 315
W.J.Harvey, F.W.Smith & R.Barthel
The influence of soil and masomy type on the strength ofmasomy arch bridges 321
T.G.Hughes, MCR.Davies & P.R.Taunton
Mass concrete arches 331
CMelbourne & S.K.Njumbe
Conservation and maintenance
A Roman viaduct-bridge in Campania: History, structure and maintenance 343
A Baratta & T. Colletta
Construction conception and structural conservation ofmasomy arch bridges 353
MBellomo & S.D'Agostino
VII
Damages ofexisting stone bridges in Greeee 361
MKaraveziroglou-Weber, E.Karayianni & E.Stavrakakis
The Veniee-Mestre masonry road bridge: Checking durability ofmaintenanee operations 369
G. Riva & F. Russo
Stone bridges and historie Ameriean landscapes 377
C1Rusnak & T.E.Boothby
Repair and strengthening
Widening and strengthening ofLondon' s Kingston Bridge 389
T.N.Healey & 1H.W.Counsell
Set up ofrestoration methodologies for cast iron bridges in Veniee 399
F.Bonollo, CModena,ATiziani &MR.Valluzzi
Repair and strengthening offive full seale masonry areh bridges 407
S.KSumon
Strengthening masonry arch bridges through bacldill replacement by eonerete 417
G. Fa uchotlX & CAbdunur
Repair ofthe old stone bridge of Krania in Greeee 423
M Karaveziroglou-Weber, E. Stavrakakis, E. Belissari, MEftaxia & C Panousi
Supplement
Thermal effeets on a masonry areh bridge investigated using ABAQUS 431
11Robinson, D.1 Prentice & D. Ponniah
Author index 439
VIII
Arch Bridges, Sinopoli (ed.) © 1998 Taylar & Francis, ISBN 90 5809 012 4
Preface
Eighteenth century researchers often used the image of a labyrinth to represent their own bewilder
ment about the contradictory concepts on statics of vaulted masonry structures. The historical
development of the arch theory is marked by the search for an Ariadne 's thread able to direct the
application of static principles without losing sight of the experimental evidence and the empirical
data related to materials and building techniques.
The end ofthe XIX century marks the conclusion ofthat development: The concepts typical ofthe
Resistance des corps solides moved from the original field of application of en charpente structures
to that ofen ma~onnerieconstructions, and strongly supported the interpretation ofthe masonry arch
as a 'systeme imparfaitement elastique' as intended by Castigliano in 1879.
That was the period in which structural engineering was beginning to acquire its modem
connotation: Castigliano expounded his theorems on the work of deformation; Winkler prepared his
famous Lehre von der Elasticität und Festigkeit, and following the line indicated by the contribu
tions of Maxwell and Clebsch with the 'forces method' and the 'displacements method', a mature
synthesis of structural applications was reached by Müller-Breslau, with the method ofequations of
compatibility for hyperstatic systems.
Modem structural engineering was to evolve from these new theoretical bases by designing
daring arch bridges, thanks also to the use of new materials such as steel and concrete, and the
adoption and invention ofnew technologies.
From then on the elastic properties of materials, the degree of hardening of mortar, and the
variable thicknesses of hewn stones and joints became the elements on which to base knowledge of
the exact position ofthe thrust line in masonry arches. This methodology was the one adopted by the
avant garde of European structural engineers at the end of the nineteenth century, and new
experimental research also took place on the elastic properties of stone materials and masonry
structures. In spite ofall that, some scientists were still perplexed regarding this approach, because of
the uncertain deformative properties of the masonry, that did not make it possible to find the unique
solution of a statically indeterminated structure.
What makes the position of the modem structural engineer very embarassing is the change in
attitude necessary to approach masonry constructions: No longer as a daring planner of innovative
projects, but as a respectful conserver ofancient monuments. The operator should find a methodolo
gical foothold that will provide guidelines for strength assessment, and thus allow a plausible
restoration procedure.
A century later, the debate has been reopened among scientists; and paradoxically, this phase of
critical rethinking has coincided with the rediscovery ofthe mechanical tradition that the affirmation
of the elastic approach had contributed to make people forget. In fact, in those cases where the
'deterministic' approach that is characteristic of elastic method cannot be applied, one can only
IX
