Arabic Grammars of Turkic: The Arabic Linguistic Model Applied to Foreign Languages & Translation of ʼAbū Ḥayyān Al-ʼAndalusī's Kitāb Al-ʼidrāk Li-lisān Al-ʼAtrāk

456 Pages·1999·22.986 MB·

by  Robert Ermers

ARABIC GRAMMARS OF TURKIC
STUDIES IN SEMITIC
LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS
EDITED BY
T. MURAOKA AND C.H.M. VERSTEEGH
VOLUME XXVIII
ARABIC GRAMMARS OF TURKIC
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ARABIC GRAMMARS
OF TURKIC
The Arabic Linguistic Model Applied to Foreign Languages & Translation
qf)Abü /fayyän al-)Andalusf's
Kitäb aVIdräk li-Lisän al-'Aträk
BY
ROBERT ERMERS
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BRILL
LEIDEN' BOSTON' KÖLN
1999
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Enners, Robert (RobertJ.)
Arabic grammars of Turkic : the Arabic linguistic model applied to
foreign languages & translation of 'Abü l:Iayyan al-'Andalusr's Kitäb
al-'idräk li-lisan al-'Aträk / by Robert Enners.
p. cm. - (Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics, ISSN
0081-8461 ; v. 28)
Based in part on author's Ph.D. dissertation-Univ. of Nijmegen,
1995.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index
ISBN 9004113061 (cloth: alk. paper)
I. Turkish language--Grammar-Theory, etc.-History. 2. Abü
l:Iayyan Muqammad ibn Yüsuf, 1256-1344. Idräk li-lisan al-Aträk.
3. Turkish language--Grammar, Comparative--Arabic. 4. Arabic
language--Grammar, Comparative--Turkish. 5. Turkish language--
Grammar-Study and Teaching-Ismalic Empire--History.
6. Linguistics-Methodology. I. Abü l:Iayyän Muqammad ibn Yüsuf,
1256-1344. Idräk li-lisan al-Aträk. English. 11. Tide.
111. Series: Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics : 28.
PL29.E67 1999
494'.3-dc21 98-49994
CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek-CIP-EinheitsaufnahDle
Enners, Robert:
Arabic grammars of Turkic : the Arabic linguistic model applied to
foreign languages & translation of Hebrew Abü l:Iayyän al-'Andalusr's Kitäb
al-'idräk li-lisän al-'aträk / by Robert Enners. -Leiden; Boston; Köln:
BrilI, 1999
(Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics ; Vol. 28)
ISBN 90-04-1 1306-1
ISSN 0081-8461
ISBN 9004 11306 I
© Copyright 1999 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 7he Netherlands
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CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................. XIII
PARTONE
Arabic grammars ofTurkic
The Arabic linguistic model applied to foreign languages ......... XVII
I. Subject and outline
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1. General observations in regard to the subject of this study .............. 1
2. The subject of this study .................................................................. 4
3. Relation to other disciplines ............................................................. 5
3.1 Relation to Arabic linguistics ..................................................... 5
3.2 The contribution of turcological studies .................................... 6
3.3 General Linguistics .................................................................... 8
3.3.1 Phonology and phonetics ................................................... 8
3.3.2 Syntax: A functional or a formal approach? ....................... 9
4. Translation ofterminology ............................................................ 12
5. Notes on transcription. .................................................................. 13
II. The sources
Introduction ...................................................................................... 15
1. The sources .................................................................................... 15
1.1 Diwän lugät at-turk ................................................................ 16
1.2 Kitäb ~ilya al-insän wa-~alaba al-lisän .................................. 20
1.3 Kitäb al-Jidräk li-lisän al-Jaträk. .............................................. 24
1.4 Kitäb at-tu~fa az-zakiyya fi l-luga at-turkiyya ........................ 28
1.5 al-Qawänin al-kulliyya li-tJabt al-luga at-turkiyya. ................. 30
1.6 Kitäb targumän turki wa-~arabi wa-mugali.. .......................... 32
1.7 aS-Sudür ad-dahabiyya ........................................................... 33
1.8 Kitäb bulga al-mustäq fi luga at-turk wa-l-qifgäq. .................. 39
1.9 ad-Durra al-mutJiJa fi l-luga at-turkiyya ................................. 40
1.10 An anonymous work in Veli ed-DIn 2896 ........................... 41
2. The sources and their primary material .......................................... 43
2.1 Direct evidence: references ...................................................... 43
2.1.1 Turkic primary material .................................................... 44
2.1.2 Arabic primary sources ...................................................... 46
VIII CONTENTS
2.2 Indirect evidence: internal structure ....................................... 47
2.2.1 Jldräkand Tubfa ............................................................... 48
2.2.2 Ifilya, Qawänin, Targumän, MG and Sudür ..................... 49
2.2.3 Diwän lugät at-turk .......................................................... 50
3. Conclusions ................................................................................... 51
Appendix to Chapter 11 ...................................................................... 55
111. Perceptions of phonological and phonetic features ofTurkic
Introduction ...................................................................................... 67
1. Arabic thinking on phonetics and morphonology ......................... 68
1.1 The Arabic consonant system ................................................. 69
1.1.1 Classification: velarisation and palatalisation ................... 71
1.1.2 The 'covered consonants' ................................................. 72
1.1.3 Effects on other consonants ............................................. 73
1.1.4 rand I ............................................................................... 73
1.2 Allophones .............................................................................. 76
1.2.1 Basic and secondary consonants ....................................... 76
1.2.2 Descriptive terminology used for allophones .................... 78
1.3 Substitution, transformation and assimilation ....................... 80
1.3.1 Substitution eibdäl) ......................................................... 80
1.3.2 Transformation (qalb) ...................................................... 80
1.3.3 Assimilation eidgäm) ....................................................... 81
1.3.4 Orthographical representation of changes ........................ 82
1.4 The description ofvowels ........................................................ 82
1.4.1 Basic vowels ...................................................................... 82
1.4.2 Allophonical realisations ofvowels ................................... 83
1.5 Long and short vowels ............................................................. 84
1.5.1 Lengthening and reduction: the status of the glides ......... 85
1.5.2 A concept ofvowel harmony. ........................................... 87
2. Turkic phonemes ........................................................................... 88
2.1 The consonants ....................................................................... 89
2.2 The vowel system .................................................................... 90
2.2.1 Front and back vowels ...................................................... 90
2.2.3 Labial harmony ................................................................. 91
3. Turkic phonemes as described by the sources ................................. 92
3.1 Vowels: front and back ........................................................... 93
3.1.1 The opposition front vs. back ........................................... 93
3.1.2 Indicating velarisation and palatalisation ......................... 95
3.1.3 Labelling ofneutral consonants ....................................... 98
3.1.4 Velarised consonants vs. their unlabelled counterparts .... 99
3.1.5 Velarisation in Ifilya and Diwän .................................... 101
CONfENTS IX
3.1.6 Palatality and palatalisation ............................................ 105
3.1.7 Summary ........................................................................ 109
3.2 Vowel harmony ..................................................................... 110
3.2.1 Twofold vowel harmony ................................................. 111
3.2.2 Fourfold vowel harmony. ................................................ 112
3.2.3 Terms for indicating vowel harmony ............................. 114
3.2.4 Summary ........................................................................ 115
3.3 The distribution of velar and palatal suffixes
as a phenomenon ................................................................. 115
3.3.1 Palatal and velar suffixes........................ ................... ... ... 116
3.3.2 Diwän ............................................................................. 117
3.3.3 Targumän ....................................................................... 118
3.3.4 Ifilya ............................................................................... 119
3.3.5 Summary ........................................................................ 121
3.4 Phonetie deseriptions ofrounded vowels .............................. 121
3.4.1 [0] ................................................................................... 121
3.4.2 [öl ................................................................................... 122
3.4.3 Exeursus: eonfusing labels-the case of z ....................... 123
3.4.4 Ibn al-Muhannä on rounded vowels .............................. 125
3.4.5 Summary ........................................................................ 127
3.5 The status of the glides .......................................................... 128
3.5.1 Glides indicate prosodie lengthening .............................. 129
3.5.2 Tu~fa: plene spelling as default. ...................................... 130
3.5.3 The use of glides in Diwän. ............................................. 130
3.5.4 The funetions of the glides in Ifilya ............................... 132
3.6 Consonants ........................................................................... 134
3.6.1 The number and status of eonsonantal phonemes. ........ 135
3.6.2 Descriptions ofnon-Arabic phonemes ........................... 141
3.6.3 Consonant assimilation .................................................. 150
4. Conelusions ................................................................................. 158
Appendix to Chapter 111 .................................................................. 160
N. Cases and markers
Introduetion .................................................................................... 163
Part A 1. caläma and )i cräb .............................................................. 163
1.1 Markers without a governor .................................................. 164
1.2 Markers with a governor: )/cräb ............................................. 166
1.2.1 The assignment of declensional endings ........................ 166
1.2.2 Governanee ..................................................................... 169
1.2.3 )/cräb as an abstract notion ............................................ 170
2. The functions of )i cräb ................................................................. 172
x
CONTENTS
2.1 Jr'räb and the markers of syntactic position ......................... 173
2.2 Redundancy of Ji 'räb? ........................................................... 178
2.3 Summary ............................................................................... 179
3. Turkic case endings ...................................................................... 180
3.1 Turkic case endings and their functions ................................ 180
3.2 Typological characteristics ofTurkic case .............................. 181
3.3 Exception to the rule ............................................................. 185
3.4 Case markers in front and back words .................................. 185
4. Typological differences and similarities ........................................ 186
4.1 Semantic typology: semantic versus syntactic case ................ 186
4.2 Morphological typology: segmentability ................................ 187
4.3 Predictions as to the Arab grammarians' interpretation of
Turkic case ............................................................................ 188
Part B 5. General terms for Turkic words and morphemes ............. 189
5.1 Kalima .................................................................................. 189
5.2 Laf~a ...................................................................................... 190
5.3 Summary ............................................................................... 191
6. Synonymy between Arabic and Turkic: fi and da ........................ 194
v.
The genitive case (garr)
Introduction .................................................................................... 199
1. Annexation and particles in Arabic ............................................. 200
1.1 Annexation ........................................................................... 200
1.2 The locative ........................................................................... 201
2. Turkic equivalents of Arabic particles .......................................... 203
2.1 The case of fi .......................................................................... 204
2.2 The case of bi ......................................................................... 206
2.3 The case of Jilä ...................................................................... 210
2.3.1 -'Ilä meaning 'to' ............................................................. 210
2.3.2 Jrlä meaning 'until' ......................................................... 211
2.3.3 Ibn al-Muhannä on 'until' ............................................. 212
2.3.4 Summary ........................................................................ 214
2.4. The possessive construction ................................................. 214
2.4.1 Li and the possessive construction .................................. 215
2.4.2 The possessive construction ............................................ 215
2.4.3 The possessive ending ..................................................... 217
2.4.4 The intermediate s: various opinions ............................. 220
2.4.5 The word sequence of the possessive construction ......... 223
2.4.6 Various interpretations of niI.J ........................................ 224
2.4.7 Summary ........................................................................ 225
2.5 The locative ........................................................................... 227