Aquatic Food Webs: An Ecosystem Approach

273 Pages·2007·3.33 MB·English

Aquatic Food Webs
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Aquatic Food Webs
An Ecosystem Approach
EDITED BY
Andrea Belgrano
National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR),
Santa Fe, NM, USA
Ursula M. Scharler
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL),
Solomons, MD, USA and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center,
Edgewater, MD, USA
Jennifer Dunne
Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab, Berkeley,
CA USA; Santa Fe Institute (SFI) Santa FE, NM, USA; Rocky Mountain
Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO USA
AND
Robert E. Ulanowicz
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL),
Solomons, MD, USA
1
1
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-19-856482-1(alk.paper)–ISBN0-19-856483-X(alk.paper) 1. Aquatic
ecology. 2. Foodchains(Ecology) I. Belgrano,Andrea.
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FOREWORD
CURRENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ON FOOD WEBS
Michel Loreau
Food webs have been approached from two basic onfoodwebsthatiscomplementarytotheenergetic
perspectives inecology. Firstisthe energetic view approach (DeAngelis 1992). Material cycles are
articulatedbyLindeman(1942),anddevelopedby among the most common of the positive feedback
ecosystem ecology during the following decades. loops discussed by Ulanowicz in his concluding
In this view, food websarenetworks of pathways remarks, and may explain key properties of eco-
for the flow of energy in ecosystems, from its systems(Loreau1998).Thestoichiometryofecolo-
capture by autotrophs in the process of photo- gical interactions may further strongly constrain
synthesis to its ultimate dissipation by hetero- food-web structure (Sterner and Elser 2002; Elser
trophicrespiration.Iwouldventuretosaythatthe and Hessen’s chapter). There has also been con-
ecological network analysis advocated by siderable interest in the relationship between bio-
Ulanowicz and colleagues in this book is heir to diversityandecosystemfunctioningduringthelast
this tradition. A different approach, rooted in decade(Loreauetal.2002).Mergingthetheoriesthat
community ecology, was initiated by May (1973) bearuponfoodwebsandthemaintenanceofspecies
and pursued by Pimm (1982) and others. This diversityisurgentlyneededtoday,andmayprovide
approach focuses on the dynamical constraints newinsights intofood-webs structure andecosys-
that arise from species interactions, and empha- temfunctioning(HillebrandandShurin’schapter).
sisesthefactthattoomuchinteraction(whetherin The structure and functioning of ecological sys-
the form of a larger number of species, a greater tems is determined not only by local constraints
connectance among these species, or a higher andinteractions,butalsobylarger-scaleprocesses.
mean interaction strength) destabilises food webs The importance of regional and historical influ-
and ecological systems. The predictions resulting ences has been increasingly recognised in com-
from this theory regarding the diversity and con- munity ecology (Ricklefs and Schluter 1993). The
nectance of ecological systems led to a wave of extent to which they shape food webs, however,
comparativetopologicalstudiesonthestructureof has been relatively little explored. The recent
food webs. Thus, the two traditions converge in development of metacommunity theory (Leibold
the search for patterns in food-web structure et al. 2004) provides a framework to start exam-
despite different starting points. This book results ining spatial constraints on the structure and
from the confluence of these two perspectives, functioning of local food webs (Melian et al.‘s
which are discussed in a number of chapters. chapter).Atevenlargertimescales,foodwebsare
Patterns, however, are generally insufficient to the result of evolutionary processes which deter-
inferprocesses.Thus,thesearchforexplanationsof minetheircurrent properties.Complex foodwebs
thesepatternsintermsofprocessesisstillverymuch may readily evolve based on simple ecological
alive,andinthissearchtheenergeticanddynamical interactions(McKane2004).Theevolutionoffood-
perspectives are not the only possible ones. Bio- web and ecosystem properties is a fascinating
geochemicalcyclesprovideafunctionalperspective topic for future research.
v
vi FOREWORD
This book provides a good synthesis of recent Loreau,M.1998.Ecosystemdevelopmentexplainedby
research into aquatic food webs. I hope this competitionwithinandbetweenmaterialcycles.Pro-
synthesis will stimulate the development of new ceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,SeriesB265:33–38.
Loreau,M.,S.Naeem,andP.Inchausti.Eds.2002.Bio-
approachesthatlinkcommunitiesandecosystems.
diversityandecosystemfunctioning:synthesisandper-
spectives.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford.
References May,R.M.1973.Stabilityandcomplexityinmodelecosys-
tems.PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton.
DeAngelis,D.L.1992.Dynamicsofnutrientcyclingand McKane,A.J.2004.Evolvingcomplexfoodwebs.The
foodwebs.Chapman&Hall,London. EuropeanPhysicalJournalB38:287–295.
Leibold,M.A.,M.Holyoak,N.Mouquet,P.Amarasekare, Pimm,S.L.1982.Foodwebs.Chapman&Hall,London.
J.M.Chase,M.F.Hoopes,R.D.Holt,J.B.Shurin,R.Law, Ricklefs,R.E.,andD.Schluter.Eds1993.Speciesdiversity
D.Tilman,M.Loreau,andA.Gonzalez.2004.The inecologicalcommunities:historicalandgeographicalper-
metacommunityconcept:aframeworkformulti-scale spectives.UniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago.
communityecology.EcologyLetters7:601–613. Sterner,R.W.,andJ.J.Elser.2002.Ecologicalstoichiometry:
Lindeman,R.L.1942.Thetrophic-dynamicaspectof thebiologyofelementsfrommoleculestothebiosphere.
ecology.Ecology23:399–418. PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton.
Contents
Foreword v
MichelLoreau
Contributors ix
Introduction 1
AndreaBelgrano
PARTI Structure andfunction 5
1 Biosimplicity viastoichiometry: theevolutionoffood-web
structure andprocesses 7
JamesJ.ElserandDagO.Hessen
2 Spatial structure anddynamics inamarinefoodweb 19
CarlosJ.Melia´n,Jordi Bascompte,andPedroJordano
3 Roleofnetwork analysisincomparative ecosystem
ecology ofestuaries 25
RobertR.Christian,DanielBaird,JosephLuczkovich,JeffreyC.Johnson,
UrsulaM.Scharler,and RobertE.Ulanowicz
4 Foodwebsinlakes—seasonal dynamics andthe impact
of climatevariability 41
DietmarStraile
5 Patternandprocessinfoodwebs: evidencefromrunningwaters 51
GuyWoodward,RossThompson, ColinR.Townsend,and AlanG.Hildrew
PARTII Examining food-webtheories 67
6 Somerandomthoughtsonthestatistical analysisoffood-web data 69
AndrewR.Solow
7 Analysis ofsize andcomplexity ofrandomlyconstructed food
webs byinformationtheoretic metrics 73
JamesT.Morris,RobertR. Christian,and RobertE.Ulanowicz
8 Size-based analysesofaquatic foodwebs 86
SimonJennings
vii
viii CONTENTS
9 Food-web theoryinmarineecosystems 98
JasonS.Link,WilliamT.Stockhausen,andElizabeth T.Methratta
PARTIII Stability anddiversityinfoodwebs 115
10Modelingfood-webdynamics:complexity–stability implications 117
JenniferA.Dunne,UlrichBrose,RichardJ.Williams,andNeoD.Martinez
11Isbiodiversitymaintainedbyfood-webcomplexity?—the
adaptivefood-webhypothesis 130
MichioKondoh
12Climateforcing,foodwebstructure,andcommunity dynamics
inpelagicmarineecosystems 143
L.Ciannelli,D.Ø. Hjermann,P.Lehodey,G.Ottersen,
J.T.Duffy-Anderson, andN.C.Stenseth
13Food-web theoryprovides guidelinesformarineconservation 170
EnricSalaandGeorgeSugihara
14Biodiversityandaquaticfood webs 184
HelmutHillebrandandJonathanB.Shurin
PARTIV Concludingremarks 199
15Ecological networkanalysis: anescapefromthemachine 201
RobertE.Ulanowicz
Afterword 208
MathewA.Leibold
References 211
Index 255
Contributors
DanielBaird,ZoologyDepartment,UniversityofPort SimonJennings,CentreforEnvironment,Fisheries
Elizabeth,PortElizabeth,SouthAfrica. andAquacultureScience,LowestoftLaboratoryNR33
JordiBascompte,IntegrativeEcologyGroup,Estacio´n 0HT,UK.Email:[email protected]
Biolo´gicadeDon˜ana,CSIC,Apdo.1056,E-41080, JeffreyC.Johnson,InstituteofCoastalandMarine
Sevilla,Spain.Email:[email protected] Resources,EastCarolinaUniversity,Greenville,NC
AndreaBelgrano,NationalCenterforGenomeResources 27858,USA.
(NCGR),2935RodeoParkDriveEast,SantaFe,NM PedroJordano,IntegrativeEcologyGroup,Estacio´n
87505,USA.Email:[email protected] Biolo´gicadeDon˜ana,CSIC,Apdo.1056,E-41080,
UlrichBrose,TechnicalUniversityofDarmstadt, Sevilla,Spain.
DepartmentofBiology,Schnittspahnstr.3,64287 MichioKondoh,CenterforLimnology,Netherlands
Darmstadt,Germany. InstituteofEcology,Rijksstraatweg6,Nieuwersluis,
RobertR.Christian,BiologyDepartment,EastCarolina P.O.Box1299,3600BGMaarssen,TheNetherlands.
University,Greenville,NC27858,USA.Email: Email:[email protected]
[email protected] P.Lehodey,OceanicFisheriesProgramme,Secretariat
LorenzoCiannelli,CentreforEcologicaland ofthePacificCommunity,BPD5,98848Noumea
EvolutionarySynthesis(CEES),DepartmentofBiology cedex,NewCaledonia.
UniversityofOslo,PostOfficeBox1066,Blindern, MathewLeibold,SectionofIntegrativeBiology,The
N-0316Oslo,Norway.Email:lorenzo.ciannelli@ UniversityofTexasatAustin,1UniversityStation,
bio.uio.no. C0930Austin,TX78712,USA.Email:mleibold@
JanetT.Duffy-Anderson,AlaskaFisheriesScience mail.utexas.edu
Center,NOAA,7600SandPointWayNE,98115 JasonS.Link,NationalMarineFisheriesService,
Seattle,WA,USA. NortheastFisheriesScienceCenter,166WaterSt.,
JenniferA.Dunne,PacificEcoinformaticsandComputa- WoodsHole,MA02543,USA.Email:jlink@
tionalEcologyLab,P.O.Box10106,Berkeley,CA94709 whsunl.wh.whoi.edu
USA;SantaFeInstitute,1399HydeParkRoad,SantaFe, MichelLoreau,Laboratoired’Ecologie,UMR7625
NM87501USA;RockyMountainBiologicalLaboratory, EcoleNormaleSuperieure46,rued’UlmF-75230,
P.O.Box519,CrestedButte,CO81224USA Email: ParisCedex05,France.Email:[email protected]
[email protected]. JosephLuczkovich,BiologyDepartment,EastCarolina
JamesJ.Elser,SchoolofLifeSciences,ArizonaState University,Greenville,NC27858,USA.
University,Tempe,AZ85287,USA.Email:j.elser@ NeoD.Martinez,PacificEcoinformaticsand
asu.edu ComputationalEcologyLab,P.O.Box10106,
DagO.Hessen,DepartmentofBiology,Universityof Berkeley,CA94709RockyMountainBiological
Oslo,P.O.Box1050,Blindern,N-0316Oslo, Norway. Laboratory,P.O.Box519,CrestedButte,CO81224
AlanG.Hildrew,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Queen USA.
Mary,UniversityofLondon,MileEndRoad,London, CarlosJ.Melia´n,IntegrativeEcologyGroup,Estacio´n
E14NS,UK.Email:[email protected] Biolo´gicadeDon˜ana,CSIC,Apdo.1056,E-41080,
HelmutHillebrand,InstituteforBotany,Universityof Sevilla,Spain.
Cologne,Gyrhofstrasse15D-50931Ko¨ln,Germany. ElizabethT.Methratta,NationalMarineFisheries
Email:[email protected] Service,NortheastFisheriesScienceCenter,
D.Ø.Hjermann,CentreforEcologicalandEvolutionary 166WaterSt.,WoodsHole,MA02543,USA.
Synthesis(CEES),DepartmentofBiologyUniversityof JamesT.Morris,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,
Oslo,PostOfficeBox1066Blindern,N-0316Oslo, UniversityofSouthCarolina,Columbia,SC29208,USA.
Norway. Email:[email protected]
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