Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics

1351 Pages·2018·38.76 MB·English

by  Donald H. Les

Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America

Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America
Ecology, Life History, and Systematics
Donald H. Les
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2502-0 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage
or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that
provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system
of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Les, Donald H., author.
Title: Aquatic dicotyledons of North America : ecology, life history, and systematics / author: Donald H. Les.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016053889 | ISBN 9781482225020 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Dicotyledons--North America. | Aquatic plants--North America.
Classification: LCC QK110 .L55 2018 | DDC 583--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053889
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................................ix
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................xi
Dicotyledons
A Group of Uncertain Phylogenetic Affinity ..........................................................................................................1
Order 1: C eratophyllales .....................................................................................................................................1
Family 1: Ceratophyllaceae ...........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Dicotyledons I: The ANA Grade and “Magnoliid” Monosulcates .........................................................................7
The ANA Grade ......................................................................................................................................................7
Order 1: A ustrobaileyales ...................................................................................................................................7
Family 1: Schisandraceae ..............................................................................................................................7
Order 2: Nymphaeales ........................................................................................................................................9
Family 1: Cabombaceae...............................................................................................................................10
Family 2: Nymphaeaceae ............................................................................................................................13
Magnoliid Dicotyledons ........................................................................................................................................26
Order 1: L aurales ..............................................................................................................................................26
Family 1: Lauraceae ....................................................................................................................................26
Order 2: Magnoliales ........................................................................................................................................31
Family 1: Annonaceae .................................................................................................................................31
Family 2: Magnoliaceae ..............................................................................................................................34
Order 3: P iperales .............................................................................................................................................37
Family 1: Aristolochiaceae ..........................................................................................................................38
Family 2: Saururaceae .................................................................................................................................39
Chapter 2 Dicotyledons II: Basal Tricolpates ........................................................................................................................45
Order 1: R anunculales ......................................................................................................................................45
Family 1: Ranunculaceae .............................................................................................................................45
Order 2: Nelumbonales .....................................................................................................................................81
Family 1: Nelumbonaceae ...........................................................................................................................82
Eudicots (Tricolpate Dicots; Eudicotyledoneae)
Chapter 3 Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons III: “Caryophyllid” Tricolpates ..............................................................................89
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................89
Order 1: C aryophyllales ....................................................................................................................................89
Family 1: Aizoaceae ....................................................................................................................................89
Family 2: Amaranthaceae ............................................................................................................................91
Family 3: Caryophyllaceae .........................................................................................................................114
Family 4: M olluginaceae ...........................................................................................................................125
Family 5: Montiaceae ................................................................................................................................127
Order 2: P olygonales.......................................................................................................................................132
Family 1: Droseraceae ...............................................................................................................................132
Family 2: Plumbaginaceae .........................................................................................................................142
Family 3: Polygonaceae .............................................................................................................................144
v
vi Contents
Chapter 4 Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons IV: “Rosid” Tricolpates .........................................................................................171
Fabid Rosids (Eurosids I) .....................................................................................................................................171
Fabid Rosids (Eurosids I) .....................................................................................................................................171
Order 1: C elastrales .........................................................................................................................................171
Family 1: Parnassiaceae ..............................................................................................................................171
Order 2: Cucurbitales ......................................................................................................................................178
Family 1: Cucurbitaceae .............................................................................................................................178
Order 3: F abales ..............................................................................................................................................180
Family 1: Fabaceae ....................................................................................................................................180
Family 2: Polygalaceae ..............................................................................................................................196
Order 4: Fagales ..............................................................................................................................................200
Family 1: Betulaceae .................................................................................................................................201
Family 2: Fagaceae .....................................................................................................................................211
Family 3: Juglandaceae ..............................................................................................................................215
Family 4: M yricaceae .................................................................................................................................217
Order 5: Malpighiales .....................................................................................................................................220
Family 1: Elatinaceae ................................................................................................................................221
Family 2: Euphorbiaceae ...........................................................................................................................226
Family 3: Hypericaceae .............................................................................................................................230
Family 4: L inaceae ....................................................................................................................................244
Family 5: Podostemaceae ..........................................................................................................................246
Family 6: Rhizophoraceae .........................................................................................................................248
Family 7: Salicaceae ..................................................................................................................................251
Family 8: Violaceae ...................................................................................................................................290
Order 6: R osales .............................................................................................................................................297
Family 1: Rosaceae ....................................................................................................................................297
Family 2: Rhamnaceae ..............................................................................................................................322
Family 3: Ulmaceae ...................................................................................................................................325
Family 4: U rticaceae ..................................................................................................................................326
Order 7: S axifragales ......................................................................................................................................330
Family 1: Crassulaceae ...............................................................................................................................331
Family 2: Grossulariaceae .........................................................................................................................334
Family 3: Haloragaceae .............................................................................................................................338
Family 4: I teaceae ......................................................................................................................................350
Family 5: Penthoraceae ..............................................................................................................................352
Family 6: Saxifragaceae ............................................................................................................................353
Order 8: V itales ..............................................................................................................................................377
Family 1: Vitaceae Juss. ............................................................................................................................377
Malvid Rosids (Eurosids II) ................................................................................................................................379
Order 9: B rassicales ........................................................................................................................................379
Family 1: Bataceae ....................................................................................................................................379
Family 2: Brassicaceae ..............................................................................................................................381
Family 3: Limnanthaceae ..........................................................................................................................407
Order 10: Malvales ..........................................................................................................................................412
Family 1: Malvaceae ...................................................................................................................................412
Order 11: Myrtales ..........................................................................................................................................425
Family 1: Combretaceae ............................................................................................................................425
Family 2: Lythraceae .................................................................................................................................427
Family 3: Melastomataceae .......................................................................................................................448
Family 4: O nagraceae ................................................................................................................................453
Order 12: Sapindales ......................................................................................................................................483
Family 1: Aceraceae ..................................................................................................................................484
Family 2: Anacardiaceae ...........................................................................................................................488
Family 3: Simaroubaceae ..........................................................................................................................490
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons V: “Asterid” Tricolpates .......................................................................................493
Basal Asterids ......................................................................................................................................................493
Order 1: C ornales ...........................................................................................................................................493
Family 1: Hydrangeaceae ..........................................................................................................................493
Family 2: Nyssaceae ..................................................................................................................................495
Order 2: E ricales .............................................................................................................................................500
Family 1: Cyrillaceae ................................................................................................................................501
Family 2: Ericaceae ...................................................................................................................................502
Family 3: Myrsinaceae ..............................................................................................................................525
Family 4: Polemoniaceae ...........................................................................................................................536
Family 5: P rimulaceae ...............................................................................................................................543
Family 6: Sarraceniaceae............................................................................................................................551
Family 7: Styracaceae ................................................................................................................................561
Family 8: Theophrastaceae ........................................................................................................................564
Dicotyledons II (“Asterid” Tricoplates)—Core Asterids: Euasterids I (“Lamiids”)...........................................566
Order 3: Gentianales .......................................................................................................................................567
Family 1: Apocynaceae .............................................................................................................................567
Family 2: Gentianaceae .............................................................................................................................580
Family 3: Rubiaceae ..................................................................................................................................603
Order 4: L amiales ...........................................................................................................................................625
Family 1: Acanthaceae ..............................................................................................................................626
Family 2: Lamiaceae .................................................................................................................................637
Family 3: Lentibulariaceae ........................................................................................................................679
Family 4: Linderniaceae ............................................................................................................................704
Family 5: O leaceae ....................................................................................................................................709
Family 6: Orobanchaceae ..........................................................................................................................715
Family 7: Phrymaceae ...............................................................................................................................736
Family 8: Plantaginaceae ...........................................................................................................................756
Family 9: Scrophulariaceae .......................................................................................................................807
Family 10: Verbenaceae..............................................................................................................................811
Order 5: S olanales ...........................................................................................................................................816
Family 1: Boraginaceae ..............................................................................................................................817
Family 2: Convolvulaceae .........................................................................................................................840
Family 3: Hydroleaceae .............................................................................................................................847
Family 4: S phenocleaceae .........................................................................................................................851
Dicotyledons II (“Asterid” Tricolpates)—“Core” Asterids: Euasterids II (“Campanulids”) ..............................853
Order 6: A piales..............................................................................................................................................854
Family 1: Apiaceae ....................................................................................................................................854
Family 2: Araliaceae .................................................................................................................................907
Order 7: A quifoliales .......................................................................................................................................914
Family 1: Aquifoliaceae ..............................................................................................................................914
Order 8: Asterales ...........................................................................................................................................921
Family 1: Asteraceae .................................................................................................................................922
Family 2: Campanulaceae ........................................................................................................................1074
Family 3: Menyanthaceae .........................................................................................................................1104
Order 9: D ipsacales .......................................................................................................................................1116
Family 1: Adoxaceae ................................................................................................................................1116
Family 2: Caprifoliaceae ..........................................................................................................................1121
References ...............................................................................................................................................................................1129
Index ........................................................................................................................................................................................1319

Acknowledgments
I extend my sincerest thanks to everyone who helped me during for assistance. I also thank the various herbaria whose speci-
the preparation of this volume by providing contacts, infor- men data are hosted on public websites for providing access
mation, unpublished results, and technical support (specific to that rich and incredibly useful body of information. Above
names are not mentioned lest I unintentionally exclude all, I cannot adequately credit my wife, Jane, who patiently
some). Special thanks go to the technical support staff for the tolerated me during the 13 years of this book’s preparation.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) website,
who promptly responded to my frequent and frantic requests
ix