Aquatic Dermatology

179 Pages·2002·11.11 MB·English

by  Prof. Gianni Angelini M.D.

G. ANGELINI • D. BONAMONTE
Aquatic Dermatology
Springer-Verlag Italia Sri.
G. ANGELINI • D. BONAMONTE
Aquatic
Dermatology
J| Springer
Prof. GIANNI ANGELINI, M.D.
Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Unit of Dermatology
Head of Dermatologie Clinic II
University of Bari, Italy
Dr. DOMENICO BONAMONTE, M.D.
Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Unit of Dermatology
University of Bari, Italy
© Springer-Verlag Italia 2001
English translation by Mary VC. Pragnell, B.A. (HONS.)
Fig. on front cover: Hyppocampus guttulatus (sea horse).
Fig. on back cover: Figured vesico-bullous dermatitis from Ammonia sulcata (the same case as
in Fig. 3.43). Reproduced with permission from: Angelini A, Vena GA (1997)
Dermatologia professionale e ambientale. Vol. I. ISED, Brescia
© Springer-Verlag Italia 2002
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano in 2002
ISBN 978-88-470-2161-7 ISBN 978-88-470-2095-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2095-5
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tions and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting, printing and binding: Centro Grafico Ambrosiano, San Donato Milanese (MI)
Cover design: Simona Colombo
SPIN: 10858293
Preface
T
his updated and extended edition of a work first published in Italian 10
years ago owes its revised production in both Italian and English to a
series of factors. Foremost among them is the ever growing number of skin
diseases caused by aquatic organisms, affecting the immense population
that flocks to the water for holiday, sports and professional activities.
Aquatic skin diseases are no longer only a seasonal affliction but can be
observed at any period, thanks to the boom of aquatic holidaymaking
throughout the year.
The volume of literature in the field of aquatic dermatology is rapidly
expanding. In the USA, one of the nations that is particularly attuned to the
problem, a Bulletin, the "Jellyfish Sting Newsletter" has been issued six
monthly for the last 10 years. It is edited by Prof. Joseph W Burnett
(Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
International Consortium for Jellyfish Stings, 405 W Redwood St., 6th floor,
Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA), one of the great pioneers and researchers
in the field of skin reactions to marine organisms.
The widespread passion for aquariums, filled with tropical saltwater or
freshwater animals, together with various pathogenic bacteria, has also con
tributed to the increase in aquatic skin diseases.
In this new edition of the book, aetiological and clinical aspects have
been thoroughly updated and the illustrations renewed. Greater attention
has also been paid to aquatic biotic agents from tropical countries, that can
now be observed everywhere as "imported" diseases.
Finally, the book aims to make a modest contribution to the knowledge
of some aquatic animals that have only developed a poisonous apparatus
for protective purposes. A fuller understanding of these fascinating crea
tures may help people to better appreciate the beauty of the aquatic envi
ronment and to enjoy this enthralling habitat at lesser risk.
Acknowledgements
T
his book is a revised and updated version in both Italian and English of
a monograph published in Italian in 1991. Cordial thanks went in the
previous edition to all the people who had contributed to it, and for much
of the work collected in this volume these thanks are heartily renewed.
However, various other people have contributed photographic material of
superb quality to the present edition, and it is with a great sense of gratitude
that we acknowledge our debt to them.
Prof. G. Marano, from the Laboratory of Marine Biology at the
University of Bari, kindly provided figures 3.5, 6.3, and 10.2.
Dr. M. Capraro, from the Dermatology and Clinical Allergology Service
of the Ospedali Civili Riuniti in Sciacca, produced figures 3.20 and 3.29.
Dr. Pablo Helman, co-author with Susanna Volpe of the interesting book
on marine biology "II Quaderno Blu" (Provincia di Imperia Ed., 1995), most
generously contributed the following figures: cover photo (sea horse), 2.1,
3.1,3.18,3.19,3.22,3.47,3.48,4.19,5.1,6.2,8.1,8.2,9.1.
The lavish contribution of the Fotoarchivio G.R.O. Sub Catania of
Dr. Filippo Massari and Fabrizio Frixa includes figures 3.21, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3,
4.20,5.2,5.3,5.4,6.1,7.1,9.2,9.5,10.1,10.5,10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13.
Dr. Raffaele Filotico took figure 11.5.
Mr. Giacomo Borraccino is the eclectic illustrator.
The contribution of our dear friends Prof. Bruno Bianchi and Mr. Mario
Placido, consisting of revision and layout of the volume, has been of incal
culable importance.
Finally, we are very grateful to Springer-Verlag Italia for their assiduous
commitment to producing this volume.
Gianni Angelini
Domenico Bonamonte
VIII Acknowledgements
The Authors and Springer-Verlag Italia would like to thank the Publishers
ISED, Poletto, Piccin, for having kindly authorized the reproduction of the
following figures and tables:
Figs. 3.3, 3.6, 3.12, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.26, 3.32, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.38, 3.39,
3.41,4.5,4.6,4.9,4.12,4.15,4.17,4.18,9.3,9.4,9.6, 9.9, 9.12,10.4,10.7,10.8,
10.9,11.3,11.4,11.8,11.9, 1Ll1, 1Ll3, 12.1, 12.2, and the inset photo on
the back cover (reproduced with permission from: Dermatologia profession
ale e ambientale, Vols. I-III, by G. Angelini and G.A.Vena. ISED, Brescia,
1997,1999).
Figs. 3.33, 3.40, 3.42, 3.43,4.8,4.16, and Table 3.3 (reproduced with per
mission from: Dermatologia di importazione, by S. Veraldi and R. Caputo.
Poletto Editore, Milano, 2000).
Figs. 3.45, 9.11 (reproduced with permission from: Trattato di derma
tologia, Vol. II, by A. Giannetti. Piccin, Padova, 2001).
Tables 3.2, 8.1 (reproduced with permission from: Gli animali marini
velenosi e Ie loro tossine, by F. Ghiretti and L. Cariello. Piccin, Padova, 1984).
1
5
Toxic aquatic animals 6
Invertebrates 6
Vertebrates 8
The functions of biotoxins 9
The biochemistry of biotoxins 10
References 11
13
Coelenterate nematocysts 14
Nematocyst poisons 17
Skin reactions 19
Reactions to jellyfish 19
Local reactions 24
Local sequelae 30
Dermatosis following stings 31
Systemic reactions 31
Severe and fatal reactions 31
Reactions after ingestion 32
Indirect reactions 32
Sex-linked susceptibility 33
Irukandji syndrome 33
Immunological findings 33
Reactions to sea anemones 34
Dermatitis caused by sea anemones 36
Sagartia's dermatitis 44
Seabather's eruption 45
Reactions to physaliae 47
Skin and systemic reactions 49
Reactions to hydroids 50
Reactions to corals 50
Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment 52
References 54
X Contents
59
Dermatitis from sea urchins 62
Immediate reactions 62
Delayed reactions 64
Occupational chronic traumatic scleroedema 66
Dermatitis from starfish 69
Dermatitis from sea cucumbers 71
References 71
73
Reactions to Cephalopods 76
Reactions to other Molluscs 78
References 79
81
Reactions to Crustaceans 83
References 84
85
Reactions to sponges 87
References 88
89
Dermatitis from algae 90
Swimmer's itch 91
Dermatitis from other seaweed species 92
Dermatitis from mucilaginous aggregates 92
Protothecosis 93
Dermatitis from P:yozoans 95
References 97
99
Cercarial dermatitis 101
Reactions to leeches 102
Dermatitis from Polychaetes 103
Reactions to Polychaetes 104
Contact dermatitis from bait 105
Dermatitis from Nematodes 107
Larva migrans cutanea 107
Onchocerciasis 111
References 112
Contents XI
10. Dermatitis caused by fish 115
Passively toxic fish 116
Actively toxic fish 117
The Chondrichthyes class 118
The Osteichthyes class 120
The Trachinidae family 120
The Scorpaenidae family 123
The Muraenidae family 125
Clinical symptoms 127
Treatment and prevention 127
Catfish stings 129
Soapfish dermatitis 130
Fish equipped with an electrical apparatus 130
Fish inducing mechanical injury 132
References 133
11. Dermatitis caused by aquatic bacteria 135
Infection by Mycobacterium marinum 136
Personal experience 141
Infection from other mycobacteria 142
Erysipeloid 143
Infected wounds 144
References 145
12. Aquatic skin diseases from physical and
chemical causes 147
Aquagenic urticaria 149
Cold urticaria 150
Aquagenic pruritus 153
Contact dermatitis 156
Saltwater dermatitis 156
Freshwater dermatitis 158
Dermatitis associated with deep sea diving 158
Cutaneo-systemic complaints in fishermen 158
References 162
Geographical Index 165
Subject Index 167