Aquatic Animal Nutrition: A Mechanistic Perspective from Individuals to Generations

490 Pages·2018·22.52 MB·English

by  Christian E. W. Steinberg

Christian E. W. Steinberg
Aquatic
Animal
Nutrition
A Mechanistic Perspective from
Individuals to Generations
Aquatic Animal Nutrition
Christian E. W. Steinberg
Aquatic Animal Nutrition
A Mechanistic Perspective from Individuals
to Generations
Christian E. W. Steinberg
Department of Biology
Humboldt University at Berlin
Berlin, Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-91766-5 ISBN 978-3-319-91767-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91767-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953153
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018
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Preface
Never attend an expedition to Vietnam that is devoted to the study of freshwater and
marine fishes! However, if you do, you run the risk of making good new friends in
the commercial and ornamental fish business, sharing some (too many!) Tiger beers
and promising to spread new information about the nutrition of fish and other
aquatic animals. I took that risk, went to Vietnam, made new friends, and fell in love
with South (East) Asia. Several years have passed since then, and experts, as well as
laypersons, have had to tolerate and survive several seminars on aquatic animal
nutrition, given by me. Now, it is time to keep my promise.
A freshwater ecologist by education and a stress ecologist by preference, my
primary interest has not been to write a book that discusses higher productivity in
the aquaculture industries or reviews recipes for more effective functional aquafeeds
to increase survival, reproduction or productivity of farmed animals. Instead, I am
more interested in answering the question of how certain dietary ingredients influ-
ence the life history traits not only of the consumers but also of their succeeding
generations. In evolutionary-ecological terms: How do dietary components impact
the Darwinian fitness of populations and thereby influence their long-term persis-
tence in the ecosystem? The ecologist in me always noticed gaps in the more prag-
matic experimental approaches of raising aquatic animals referenced in this book.
To identify the gaps, I had to sometimes crawl ashore, since I felt obliged to borrow
information about new developments from terrestrial or laboratory model animal
studies. Nevertheless, I hope that my raised forefinger will encourage the develop-
ment of new experimental setups for the aquaculture community.
The content for the originally planned one-volume book on “Aquatic Animal
Nutrition,” however, turned out to be so voluminous that I split it into two volumes.
I thank Springer Publishing Company for this courtesy. My sincere appreciation
goes particularly to “my Springer ladies” in Dordrecht, namely Alexandrine
Cheronet and Judith Terpos, who were always very supportive and never hesitated
to answer my questions, even if they were simple.
Furthermore, I am thankful to all the photographers and artists who allowed me
to use their wonderful images free of charge. Doubtless, they contributed to an
attractive appearance of this book. We all agree that good illustrations can often
v
vi Preface
explain complex ideas much better than thousands of words. Nevertheless, also
good words count, and I thank Sarah L. Poynton for the excellent word crafting that
resulted in the title.
Even to a book, space limitation applies. Due to this circumstance, I would like
to apologize in advance to all individuals whose research was not cited or whose
papers have not been discussed in full but whose work has certainly advanced the
understanding of this complex field of research, practice, and education.
This book is dedicated to my bright grandkids, Anna S. and Paul N., who like
watching colorful and intriguing fishes in a living room tank. Since they started this
business at a much younger age than I did, I am certain that one, or both of them,
will be inclined to write brilliant books on this fascinating subject.
Berlin, Germany Christian E. W. Steinberg
Contents
1 Introduction – ‘You Are What You Eat’ .................................................. 1
Appendix ................................................................................................... 6
Technical Note ...................................................................................... 6
References ................................................................................................. 7
2 Diets and Digestive Tracts – ‘Your Food Determines
Your Intestine’ .......................................................................................... 9
2.1 Digestive Tract ................................................................................. 9
2.2 Digestion .......................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Protein Digestion ................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Lipid Digestion .................................................................... 16
2.2.3 Carbohydrate Digestion ....................................................... 16
2.3 Ontogenesis and the Intestine .......................................................... 17
2.3.1 Fishes ................................................................................... 17
2.3.2 Invertebrates ......................................................................... 26
2.4 Herbivory, a Disadvantageous Acquization Strategy? ..................... 34
2.4.1 Fishes ................................................................................... 37
2.4.2 Invertebrates ......................................................................... 40
2.5 Starvation and Gut Morphology ...................................................... 42
2.6 Trophic Positions: An Omnivores’ Dilemma? ................................. 45
2.7 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................ 53
References ................................................................................................. 54
3 The Intestinal Microbiota – ‘Your Eating Feeds a Plethora
of Guests’ and ‘This Plethora of Guests Determines
Who You Are and How Well You Do’ ....................................................... 61
3.1 Invertebrates ..................................................................................... 67
3.1.1 Hydrozoa .............................................................................. 67
3.1.2 Mollusks ............................................................................... 68
3.1.3 Echinoderms ........................................................................ 72
3.1.4 Crustaceans .......................................................................... 73
vii
viii Contents
3.2 Fishes ............................................................................................... 80
3.2.1 Microbiome Ontogenesis ..................................................... 81
3.2.2 Does a Core Microbiome Exist? .......................................... 85
3.2.3 Zebrafish as Witness of Microbiome Development ............. 111
3.2.4 Control Functions by Gut Microbiota .................................. 115
3.3 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................ 128
References ................................................................................................. 128
4 Dietary Restriction, Starvation, Compensatory
Growth – ‘Short-Term Fasting Does Not Kill You:
It Can Make You Stronger’ ...................................................................... 137
4.1 Indicators of Starvation .................................................................... 143
4.2 Starvation Tolerance and Starvation Impact .................................... 148
4.2.1 Cnidarians ............................................................................ 162
4.2.2 Rotifers ................................................................................. 163
4.2.3 Mollusks ............................................................................... 166
4.2.4 Echinoderms ........................................................................ 168
4.2.5 Crustaceans .......................................................................... 170
4.2.6 Fishes ................................................................................... 192
4.2.7 Summary of Starvation Effects ............................................ 198
4.2.8 Starvation: Point-of-no-Return ............................................ 199
4.3 Compensatory Growth ..................................................................... 201
4.3.1 Invertebrates ......................................................................... 206
4.3.2 Fishes ................................................................................... 214
4.4 Compensatory Growth in Populations ............................................. 228
4.5 Regulation of Compensatory Growth .............................................. 230
4.5.1 Appetite-Regulating Hormones ........................................... 233
4.5.2 Neuropeptides ...................................................................... 236
4.5.3 Transcription of Growth Regulators .................................... 243
4.6 Concluding remarks ......................................................................... 252
References ................................................................................................. 255
5 Chrononutrition – ‘The Clock Makes Good Food’ ............................... 289
5.1 How Does a Biological Clock Work? .............................................. 293
5.1.1 Fishes ................................................................................... 294
5.1.2 Invertebrates ......................................................................... 302
5.2 Food and Circadian Gene Transcription .......................................... 308
5.2.1 Major Nutrients .................................................................... 308
5.2.2 Xenobiotic or Antinutritional Compounds........................... 315
5.3 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................ 323
References ................................................................................................. 325
Contents ix
6 Transgenerational Effects – ‘Your Offspring Will Become
What You Eat’ ........................................................................................... 333
6.1 Parental Effects ................................................................................ 335
6.1.1 Maternal Effects ................................................................... 344
6.1.2 Paternal Effects .................................................................... 373
6.2 What Is Epigenetics? ........................................................................ 378
6.2.1 Time Scales of Epigenetic Inheritance ................................. 380
6.2.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms ....................................................... 381
6.3 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................ 414
References ................................................................................................. 416
7 Trophic Diversification and Speciation – ‘Your Eating
Fuels Evolution’ ....................................................................................... 431
7.1 Individual Specialization.................................................................. 437
7.2 Underlying Mechanisms of Speciation ............................................ 438
7.3 Trophic Speciation ........................................................................... 441
7.3.1 Ancient Lakes ...................................................................... 441
7.3.2 Rivers ................................................................................... 451
7.3.3 Coral Reefs ........................................................................... 452
7.4 Convergent Evolution ...................................................................... 454
7.5 Rapid Speciating Taxa ..................................................................... 458
7.5.1 Pumpkinseed Sunfish ........................................................... 458
7.5.2 Cyprinodon .......................................................................... 459
7.5.3 Terapontidae (Grunters) ....................................................... 460
7.5.4 Three-Spined Stickleback .................................................... 460
7.5.5 Arctic Charr ......................................................................... 462
7.6 Time Span of Trophic Speciation .................................................... 465
References ................................................................................................. 467
Abbreviations and Glossary
AAs amino acids
abcb4 gene encoding multidrug resistance protein 3, a membrane-
bound transporter
abcg2 gene encoding ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member
2, a membrane-bound tranporter
Acrophase time at which the peak of a rhythm occurs
AgRPs agouti-related proteins: neuropeptides produced in the
brain with an appetite-stimulating potential; activated by
the hormone ghrelin, inhibited by the hormone leptin
AHR anti-hydroxyl radical
AhR aryl-hydrocarbon receptor, Ah receptor: a ligand-activated
transcription factor involved in the regulation of biological
responses to planar aromatic (aryl) hydrocarbons, includ-
ing xenobiotic compounds
ahr2 gene encoding the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor 2 found in
zebrafish
AL ad libitum = “at one’s pleasure”
Alternative splicing a regulated process during gene expression that results in a
single gene coding for multiple proteins
ambra1a, ambra1b autophagy-regulating genes
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase: 5’adenosine
monophosphate-a ctivated protein kinase, an enzyme cen-
tral in cellular energy homeostasis
anadromous fish migrate from the sea up into freshwater to spawn;
examples are salmon and striped bass
anorexigen appetite-suppressing drug or food constituent
apaf-1 encodes apoptotic protease-activating factor 1, a pro-
aptotic protein
arα, arβ encode androgen receptor α and β
ASA anti-superoxide anion
xi