Aquaculture Training Programme

177 Pages·2013·37.27 MB·English

I"
ICAR .._ BACKGROUND I FORMATI N
Management of Brackishwater And Freshwater Fish Seed Farms
-------
- - -Aquaculture Training Programme
FOR AFRICA! ASIA REGION
lun 2 - July , 1 81
---FRE H\.\ATER FISH SEW FARMS AR( COMMERCIAllY VIAALl CIFE s FRESHWATfR rl~H <,IfD IAI<M --
BAlABHADRAPURAM
Food Production and Rural D v lopm nt Divi n,
Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
Central Institute of Fisheri s Education,
Bombay, India.
Or. S.N. Dwiv di, Dir ctor, C ntral In titut of Fisheries Edu ation, Bombay welcoming th Miss King, Project Officer, food
a Ih rina· Production and Rural D velopment
Division, Commonwealth SecretarI
at, London.
THE AUDIENCE Dr R.M char a, D puty D,r Clor
C n ral, ICAR, ew Deih, delivenng
Ih Inau ural ddr
BACKGROU 0 I FORMATIO
Manalement of Bracki ler And F wier Fi f
- - -Aquaculture Training Programm---- --
fOl Af.1CA/ ASIA WEGION
June 22 - July 9, 1983
Sponsored by Food Production and Rural Development Division,
Common alth Secretar; , london.
Organised by Central Institute of Fish ri Education,
Bombay, India.
PROSPECTS AND PERSPECTIVES
AQUACULTURE - PRESE T STATUS, ROSPECTS, PERSPECTIVES AND
LIMIThTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
By Dr.S.N.Dwivedi
Sununary:
Aquaculture which relat s to the culture of aquatic
organisms for the economic benefits is the future hop of th
developing countries like India to solve their population -
food employment dilemma. The fish production from inland
fisheries which are essentially culture fisheries and ar less
capital intensive increased from 0.2 million tonn s in 1950 to
about 1.0 million tonnes in 1979, wh reas during the same
period, the fish landings from marine fish ri s which ar
essentially capture fisheries and arG capital ori nt d incr a
ed from 0.5 million tonnes to 1.4 million tonnes. Thus, fish
production from inland waters has shown a fast r growth rat •
Thie could be made possible on account of the developm nt of
the intensive fish culture -technologies for exploiting th
productive potential of the different ecosystems. Th CIFRI,
Barrackpore, has demonstrated that by adopting composite flah
culture technology in freshwaters it is possible to get a
production of 10 tonnes/ha/yr. They have repeatedly shOWl'l that
to obtain a production o~ 3 tonnes/ha/yr.with this chOology
is quite wi thin the reach of an ordinary fish tarmer. Simlle.:rly
it has been demonstrated by CIFE, Bombay, that to produce 3
tonnes of fish and prawns per hectare per year from the bracl
ishwaters is no longer a dream.
2. The per capita fish consumptio~ is 4 kg per y£ar in
India. It is very low as compared to other countries like
Japan, U,S.A.,- Indonesia, and Chtna etc. For balanced
~ die~,
56.0 gm of prot.ein contribution by fish, it is estimated t:lat
2
by 2000 A.D., India would require 13.0 million tonnes of fish.
Aquaculture is the area which can contribute the additional
fish of 7.0 million tonnes by 2000 A.D., and has the employment
potential to employe 9 lakh people. To achieve this cherished
goal, the development of all the aquacultural resources like
(1) freshwater ponds and tanks, (ii) reservoirs (1ii) brackish
waters (1v) estuaries and (v) the mariculture in coastal areas
should receive urgent attention.
3. In order to accelerate development the
aquacul~~re
following schemes should be taken up through Institutional
finance and by the development agencies.
3.1 Composite Fish Culture.
3.2 Commercially Viable Fish Seed Farms.
3.3 Carp hatchery
3.4 Fish culture in Long Seasonal ponds.
3.5 Culture of Rir breathing
f~shes .
3.6 Prawn and Fish Farming.
3.7 Prawn Seed Bank.
3.8 Culture of Prawns, Fish and in Salt works.
Art~mia
3.9 Utilisation of Low value fish.
3.10 Improved Fishing Methods for Reservoir Fisheries.
3.11 Development of small and medium Reservoirs.
I. Freshwater Aquaculture:
The major constraints for explo1ting the available fresh
water resources are:
1. Non-availability of seed of Indian major carps,
exotic Chinese carps in adequate numbers.
CONT TS
Pag s
I . PROSPECTS AND PERSPECTIVES:
1. Aauaculture: Present status, Prospects,
Perspectives ana Limitations for future
Development - Dr. S. N. Dwivedi 1-35
I I. BIOLOOY AND CULTURE:
2. Pre & Post spawn stocking nd nursery
management - J. Somalingam 36-42
3. A Practical GUide to the Identification
of fry of Indian and Chinese carps -
Dr. S. N. Dwivedi & H. O. Hi orani 43-44
4. An account of Indian Major Carps -
J . Somalingam 45-48
5. Biological control of weeds by grass carp
(Ctenopharyangoden Idella) a case study
Som Dutt 49-53
I II. FISH FARM ENGINEERING:
6. Construction of fish seed fam
Ravi Kishore 54-68
7. Fish ponds construction - practical
guidelines - Ravi Kishore 69-72
8 . Layout of fish seed farms in Harya.z:a
State - Shiv Jit Singh 73-78
IV. HATCHERY AND SEED PRODUCTION:
9. Particulars of fish Pi tui tary gland
Donor fish & Hypophysation 79-87
10. Iniuces Breeding of Iniian oarps in
Dry BuDdhs - Dr. G. P. Dubey 88-99
•. . 2
- 2 -
11. Common carp Breeding - P.S.R. Kumar Sinha 100-104
12. Spawn collection from rivers - A Ghosh 105-109
13. Note on cGmparative & efficiency of the
various hatchery systems prevalent in
India - their Merits & Demerits
Dr. S.N.Dwivedi, V.Ravindranathan &
J. S omalingam 11(}"116
14. Live fish transporj - D. V. Reddi 117-120
ECONOMICS:
•
15. Freshwater Aquaculture - Fishery Estates
Dr. S. N. Dwivedi 121-137
16. The Seed SUppliers - DR. S. N. Dwivedi 1 38-141
(3)
2. Lack of man-power t=aining fnciliti s at ar s
l evel.
3. Lack of support fo= i stitutional financ from th
State Gov rnments.
4. Water-bodies should 1 ased for long period to
the entrepreneurs.
A critical evaluation has hown that b tter fish produ
ction can be achieved if the ab 'e constraints r r mov d.
To achieve this end, the recommendations ar made:
followL~g
1. Establishment of large demonstrati on fish 5e d
.farms fully equipped with a modern carp ha ch 'ry,
C.l.F.E. Model. D-81 . and use of bundh br ding
techniques r suitable.
when~v
2. Establishment of Fish Farmers' D v l opment A ncy
in each district. The agency sha 1 take up th
training and transfer at farm rs 1 v 1.
techn~logy
The agency shall also arrange th finance for the
entrepreneurs.
3. The nationalised banks financ th train d
sho~d
entrepreneurs and the Stat Governments should
frame rules so that the could ke
ent~epreneurs
water-bodies on 1 ase fo= long periods and they
could invest money on their ra dev lopment.
l~ng
" 4. All the water resources rous+; be brou ht und r 1"1 h
cul ture . Even th ' ponds whi-:h hold water for a
period of months or so, can be profitably brought
~
under common carp culture and a com osit cul ture
(Modified pattern) .
(4)
II. Brackish water Aquaculture:
The brackishwater aquaculture has great potentials. Out
of 2.6 million hectares of brackishwaters an area of 2.0 mill
ion hectares is readily available for culture. But a very
small of about 20,000 ha is under culture at present. A pro
duction of 2,250 to 2,500 kg/ha/yr, comprising 2,000 kg of fish
and 250 to 500 kg of prawns by adopting polyculture technology
is quite possible. The difficulty faced in quick extension of
brackish-water culture are; Lack of seed of culturable brackish
water fish and prawns, Lack of institutional finance , and lack
of training facilities at the farmers level.
To solve these bottle-necks, following recommendations
are made:
1. To establish fish-seed banks. For this seed colle
cted by the fishermen from the natural sources shall
be pooled and made available the entrepreneurs.
2. The entrepreneurs must be provided finance either
by the State Governments or bank for taking up
brackishwater aquaculture.
; .. =_.... . ~ r\:·-'.: ...
3. The ·.rackishwater aquac.ul ture technology has not
yet reached at the farmer level in a big way. There
is an urgent need to gear up fish farmers develop
ment agencies to provide training and at the
~inance
grass-root level.
III. Reservoir Fisheries for Rural Development:
At present, the country has 50 large reservoirs and 475
medium and small ones, covering a surface area of 3
abou~
million hectares which will b doubled in the next two :ecades.
Reservoirs afford a vast potential for production of fis!) and