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Aquaculture Nutrition
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Aquaculture Nutrition:
Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics
Edited by
Daniel Merrifield
School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
Einar Ringø
Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2014©2014byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Aquaculturenutrition:guthealth,probiotics,andprebiotics/editedbyDanielMerrifieldandEinarRingo.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-67271-6(cloth)
1. Fishes–Digestiveorgans. 2. Fishes–Health. 3. Fishes–Nutrition. 4. Marineanimals–Digestive
organs. 5. Marineanimals–Health. 6. Marineanimals–Nutrition. 7. Aquaculture. I. Merrifield,
Daniel,1983- II. Ring?,Einar,1950-
QL639.1.A6852014
571.1′7–dc23
2014015269
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
Coverimage:PhotosbyDanielMerrifield.
Setin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
1 2014
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Contents
ListofContributors xi
Preface xv
1 TheGastrointestinalTractofFish 1
ArunKumarRayandEinarRingø
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 AnatomyofGItract 2
1.3 Stomachandintestinalbulb 3
1.4 Pyloriccaeca 5
1.5 Intestine 6
1.6 Endogenousinputsofdigestivesecreta 9
1.7 LuminalpH 10
1.8 Passagerateandresidencetime 10
1.9 Acknowledgements 10
References 10
2 ImmuneDefencesofTeleostFish 14
AndrewFoeyandSimonaPicchietti
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Innateimmunity 15
2.3 Antigen-specificadaptiveimmunity 18
2.4 Cytokinesdriveimmuneresponsiveness 22
2.5 Immunetissues 23
2.6 Mucosalimmunity 32
2.7 Commonpathogensinfectingteleosts:whatimmuneresponses
arerequired? 36
2.8 Futureconsiderations 39
2.9 Conclusion 40
References 40
3 GastrointestinalPathogenesisinAquaticAnimals 53
JarlBøgwaldandRoyAmbliDalmo
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Vibriospp. 54
3.3 Aeromonasspp. 61
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3.4 Yersiniaruckeri 63
3.5 Edwardsiellaspp. 63
3.6 Piscirickettsiasalmonis 64
3.7 Pseudomonasanguilliseptica 65
3.8 Photobacteriumdamselasubsp.Piscicida(PasteurellaPiscicida) 65
3.9 Streptococcosis 66
3.10 ‘Candidatusarthromitus’ 66
3.11 Mycobacteriumspp. 66
3.12 Conclusion 68
References 68
4 TheGutMicrobiotaofFish 75
JaimeRomero,EinarRingøandDanielL.Merrifield
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Theimportanceofthemicrobiota 84
4.3 Compositionofthemicrobiotainearlylifestages 86
4.4 Factorsthatinfluencemicrobiotacomposition 88
4.5 Conclusion 93
References 94
5 MethodologicalApproachesUsedtoAssessFishGastrointestinal
Communities 101
ZhigangZhou,BinYao,JaimeRomero,PaulWaines,EinarRingø,
MatthewEmery,MarkR.LilesandDanielL.Merrifield
5.1 Culture-dependentapproaches 102
5.2 Moleculartechniques 106
5.3 Fluorescencebasedmethods 115
5.4 Electronmicroscopy 115
5.5 Microbialactivityandfunctionality 117
5.6 Summary 120
5.7 Acknowledgements 120
References 120
6 IndigenousLacticAcidBacteriainFishandCrustaceans 128
DanielL.Merrifield,JoséLuisBalcázar,CarlyDaniels,ZhigangZhou,
OlianaCarnevali,Yun-ZhangSun,SeyedHosseinHoseinifarandEinarRingø
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Lacticacidbacteria 130
6.3 Salmonidae 130
6.4 Gadidae 141
6.5 Clupeidae 143
6.6 Anarhichadidae 143
6.7 Acipenseridae 143
6.8 Percidaeandsciaenidae 144
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6.9 Moronidae 145
6.10 Sparidae 145
6.11 Pleuronectiformes 146
6.12 Cyprinidae 146
6.13 Channidae 149
6.14 Siluriformes 150
6.15 Cichlidae 150
6.16 Serranidae 151
6.17 Rachycentridae 151
6.18 Mugilidae 152
6.19 CoastalFish 152
6.20 Shellfish 153
6.21 Summary 156
References 156
7 ProbioticsandPrebiotics:Concepts,DefinitionsandHistory 169
HélèneL.Lauzon,ArkadiosDimitroglou,DanielL.Merrifield,
EinarRingøandSimonJ.Davies
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Theprobioticconceptandhistory 170
7.3 Theprebioticconceptanddefinition 174
7.4 Synbiotics 180
7.5 Summary 180
References 180
8 ProbioticModulationoftheGutMicrobiotaofFish 185
DanielL.MerrifieldandOlianaCarnevali
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 Bacillusspp. 187
8.3 Lacticacidbacteria(LAB) 192
8.4 Otherprobionts 206
8.5 Probioticcolonization? 210
8.6 Conclusionandfutureperspectives 213
8.7 Acknowledgements 214
References 214
9 ProbioticApplicationsinColdWaterFishSpecies 223
HélèneL.Lauzon,TaniaPérez-Sánchez,DanielL.Merrifield,
EinarRingøandJoséLuisBalcázar
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Salmonidae 225
9.3 Gadidae 234
9.4 Pleuronectiformes 240
9.5 Percidae 245
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9.6 Conclusion 245
References 246
10 ProbioticApplicationsinTemperateandWarmWaterFishSpecies 253
OlianaCarnevali,Yun-ZhangSun,DanielL.Merrifield,ZhigangZhou
andSimonaPicchietti
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Europeanseabass(DicentrarchuslabraxL.) 255
10.3 Giltheadseabream(SparusaurataL.) 258
10.4 Probioticapplicationsinsolespp. 262
10.5 Groupers 266
10.6 Tilapia 269
10.7 Carps 272
10.8 Zebrafish(daniorerio) 275
10.9 Catfishes 277
10.10 Generalconclusions 279
References 279
11 ProbioticApplicationsinCrustaceans 290
MathieuCastex,CarlyDanielsandLietChim
11.1 Introduction 290
11.2 Mainmicroorganismsevaluatedandusedasprobioticsincrustacean
aquaculture 293
11.3 Probioticmodesofaction 300
11.4 Relatedbenefitsincrustaceanaquaculture 308
11.5 Conclusion 318
References 319
12 CanProbioticsAffectReproductiveProcessesofAquaticAnimals? 328
GiorgiaGioacchini,ElisabettaGiorgini,LisaVaccariandOlianaCarnevali
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Thefishreproductivesystem 329
12.3 Broodstockreproductivedysfunctions 331
12.4 Reproductionandmetabolism 332
12.5 Theeffectsofprobioticapplicationsonfishreproduction 333
12.6 Concludingremarks 341
12.7 Acknowledgements 341
References 341
13 IssueswithIndustrialProbioticScale-up 347
MathieuCastex,HenriDurandandBernadetteOkeke
13.1 Introduction 347
13.2 Scaling-upguidelines 349
13.3 Modeofadministration 354
Description:IFREMER, Département Aquaculture en The National Lobster Hatchery, South Quay, . microbe-live feed interactions, are useful reading for researchers, The organization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish follows the basic features . These are called pyloric caeca or intestinal caeca, and op
