Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches Animals Pets

385 Pages·2004·4.8 MB·English

by  Rex A. Dunham

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Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology
Genetic Approaches
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Dedicated to Diem for the great joy and happiness you have brought me
To Aubrey, Christian, Amy, Gabrielle and Sean, your great sacrifices made this
possible
To RO, thank you for opening the door of opportunity
To Limestone-Walters Grade School – you were the foundation
And to Mom and Dad, who always encouraged education
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Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology
Genetic Approaches
Rex A. Dunham
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures
Auburn University
Alabama
USA
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA02139
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
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Website: www.cabi-publishing.org
© R.A. Dunham 2004. All rights reserved.No part of this
publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owners.
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dunham, Rex A.
Aquaculture and fisheries biotechnology : genetic approaches/Rex A.
Dunham.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-85199-596-9 (alk. paper)
1. Fishes--Breeding. 2. Shellfish--Breeding. 3. Fishes--Molecular
genetics. 4. Shellfish--Molecular genetics. I. Title.
SH155.5.D86 2004
639.3--dc21
2003008159
ISBN 0 85199 596 9
Typeset in 9pt Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn
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Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
1 History of Genetic Biotechnology in Aquaculture and Fisheries 1
2 Phenotypic Variation and Environmental Effects 7
Stocking Density and Mortality 8
Age, Temperature and Water Quality 8
Biology and Physiology 9
Maternal Effects 10
Correction of Growth Data 13
Skewness and Feeding Practices 15
Compensatory Gain 17
Communal Stocking/Evaluation 19
3 Polyploidy 22
Polyploid Induction in Fish 22
Polyploid Induction in Shellfish 26
Triploid Cells 28
Ploidy Determination 28
Triploid Fish Performance 30
Growth 30
Feed conversion and consumption 32
Morphology, meristics and identification 33
Carcass traits and flesh quality 33
Survival 35
Tolerance of low oxygen 36
Disease resistance 38
Reproduction 38
Embryonic development 41
Sex ratio 41
Hybrid viability 41
Heterozygosity in triploids 43
Behaviour 43
Invertebrate Triploid Performance 43
Growth 43
Energy storage and bioenergetics 44
Survival and disease resistance 45
Reproduction 45
v
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vi Contents
Reversion to diploidy 46
Sex ratio 47
Flesh quality 47
Tetraploids 47
Tetraploid induction 48
Fertility and performance 48
Hexaploid Fish 50
Tetraploid Shellfish 50
Limitations and Constraints 50
Fisheries Management Applications 51
Environmental Protection 52
Conclusions 52
4 Gynogenesis, Androgenesis, Cloned Populations and Nuclear Transplantation 54
Induction of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis 54
Performance of Gynogens and Androgens 57
Reproduction 57
Monosex Populations 58
Cloned Populations 59
Phenotypic variability 59
Regeneration of genetic variation in salmonids 60
Growth 60
Disease resistance 60
Clonal hybrids 61
Nuclear Transplantation – Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrids 61
5 Sex Reversal and Breeding 65
Sexual Dimorphism 66
Chemical and Mechanical Sterilization 68
Hormonal Sex Reversal 71
Anabolic Effect 73
Health Issues 74
Sex Reversal and Breeding 74
All-female XX systems 75
All-male ZZ systems 78
All-male YYsystems 79
Genetics of Sex Determination 79
Effects of temperature 82
Genetics of temperature effects on sex determination 82
YYsystem in channel catfish 83
Constraints and Sex Markers 83
6 Biochemical and Molecular Markers 85
Isozymes and Enzymes 85
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 88
Mitochondrial DNA 89
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA 90
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism 92
Microsatellites 97
Expressed Sequence Tags 99
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 100
Relative Costs of Different Markers 100
Relative Effectiveness of Markers 101
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Contents vii
7 Population Genetics and Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fish 104
Genetic Variation, Population Structure and Biodiversity 104
Effects of Geography and Environment on Population Variation 109
Factors Affecting the Establishment of New Genotypes in Established
Natural Populations 112
Interspecific Hybridization 113
Interactions between Domestic and Wild Fish 115
Integrated Management Strategy 120
8 Gene Mapping, Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and
Marker-assisted Selection 122
Choice of Markers 122
Mapping Systems 123
Linkage Disequilibrium 124
Isozyme Maps 124
DNAMarkers and Maps 129
The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Oncogenes 133
Effects of Karyotypes, Clustering and Distortion 133
QTLMapping 135
QTLmarkers in agriculture 136
QTLs of aquatic organisms 137
Marker-assisted Selection 139
Marker-assisted selection in agriculture 139
Marker-assisted selection in fish 140
9 Gene Expression, Isolation and Cloning 141
Gene Expression and Expressed Sequence Tags 141
Growth 143
Ovulation and Reproduction 146
Diseases 148
Brain 150
Cold Tolerance 151
Osmoregulation 152
Genetic Imprinting and Paternal Predominance 152
Transposable Elements 153
Ribosomes 156
Proteomics 159
10 Gene-transfer Technology 160
Gene-transfer Technique in Fish 161
Promoters 164
Integration 166
Transmission of Transgenes 169
Transgene Expression of Growth-hormone and Reporter Genes 169
Performance of Transgenic Fish 172
Growth 172
Dramatic growth of transgenic fish: explanations and limitations 177
Cold tolerance 179
Disease resistance 179
Transgenic Production of Pharmaceuticals 181
Gene Knockout Technology 181
Pleiotropic Effects of Transferred Genes 184
Potential Role of Mitochondrial DNAin Gene Transfer 190
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11 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programmes 193
Sex Reversal and Triploidy 194
Genetic Engineering and Crossbreeding 194
Genetic Engineering, Selection, Crossbreeding, Strains and Hybrids 194
Selection, Crossbreeding and Sex Reversal 194
Gynogenesis, Selection and Hybridization 195
12 Genotype–Environment Interactions 198
Traditional Breeding 199
Polyploidy and Transgenics 200
13 Environmental Risk of Aquatic Organisms from Genetic Biotechnology 203
Theoretical Risks 203
Environmental Risk Data on Transgenic Fish 207
Common Goals of Aquaculture and Genetic Conservation 211
Genetic Sterilization 211
14 Food Safety of Transgenic Aquatic Organisms 219
International Guidelines 220
Labelling 220
15 ACase Example: Safety of Consumption of Transgenic Salmon
Potentially Containing Elevated Levels of Growth Hormone and
Insulin-like Growth Factor 222
Growth Hormone/Salmonid Growth Hormone 222
IGF/Salmonid IGF 223
GH Levels in Non-transgenic Salmon and Fish 224
IGF Levels in Non-transgenic Salmon and Fish 224
GH Levels in Transgenic Salmon and Fish 225
IGF Levels in Transgenic Salmon and Fish 226
GH and IGF Levels in Humans 226
GH and IGF Levels in Mammals 226
Bioavailability of sGH and sIGF in the Upper GI Tract 226
Dosage from Consumption 229
Bioactivity of Salmon/Non-primate GH in Humans 230
Bioactivity of Fish IGF 231
Explanation for Primate Specificity for GH Bioactivity 231
Potential Toxic Effects of GH/IGF and Food Safety 233
Studies on Transgenic GH Fish Food Safety 233
Conclusions on Human Food Safety 234
16 Government Regulation of Transgenic Fish 235
US Performance Standards 237
International Performance Standards 238
Canada 239
United Kingdom 239
Nomenclature 240
International Trade 241
Intellectual Property Rights 242
17 Commercial Application of Fish Biotechnology 244
Polyploidy 244
Sex Reversal and Breeding 245
Genetic Engineering 246
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Contents ix
18 Strategies for Genetic Conservation, Gene Banking and
Maintaining Genetic Quality 248
Population Size, Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 248
Genetic Conservation 253
19 Constraints and Limitations of Genetic Biotechnology 255
Research Issues 255
General Recommendations 255
Development Issues 256
Biodiversity Issues 256
Political Issues 256
Economic Issues 256
Glossary 258
References and Further Reading 288
Index 367