Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries

667 Pages·1985·17.99 MB·English

by  Pablo Bifani (auth.)

Appropriate Waste
Managelllent for
Developing Countries
Appropriate Waste
Management for
Developing Countries
Edited by
Kriton Curi
Bogazi~i University
Istanbul, Turkey
Plenum Press. New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Appropriate waste management for developing countries.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Waste disposal-Developing countries-Congresses. 2. Factory and trade
waste-Developing countries-Congresses. 3. Sew.age-Purification-Congresses. 4.
Environmental engineering-Developing countries-Congresses. I. Curi, Kriton.
TD790.A67 1985 363.7'28'091724 84-26469
ISBN-13: 978-0-306-41909-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2457-7
001: 10. 1007/978-1-4613-2457-7
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Environmental
Technology for Developing Countries, held July 7-14, 1982,
in Istanbul, Turkey
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
Reprint of the original edition 1985
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The importance of protecting the environment against pollution
is an objective which gained international acceptance in the recent
years. According to the first principle of the Declaration of the
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which took place
in Stockholm in 1972, "man .... bears a solemn responsibility to
protect and improve the environment for present and future genera
tions". The United Nations again in their desire to improve the
sanitation conditions allover the world decided to proclaim the
period between 1981-1990 as the "International Drinking Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade." Although attempts have been made by inter
national organizations to prevent pollution, it is difficult to
say that these attempts gave satisfactory results in developing
countries.
The most common reasons of failure are:
a) To find solutions to their environmental problems, develop
ing countries usually seek the assistance of engineers
and scientists from developed countries. Many times, how
ever, either out of ignorance of the local condition or
due to financial motivations, these experts come out with
solutions which are far from being considered as the
"most appropriate." As a result, the basic objective of
protecting the environment is not achieved.
b) Attempts made by developed countries to "export" their
wastes - especially the hazardous ones - to the developing
world, is another danger - and sometimes reason of failure
encountered in the field of Environmental Management.
Close cooperation and dissemination of knowledge and experience
between scientists and engineers in developing countries is the only
way which will make the solution of their environmental problems
possible.
To initiate this close contact, the present symposium on
Environmental Technology for Developing Countries, emphasizing
v
PREFACE
the concept of Appropriate Waste Management was organized. The
following pesolutions which have been endorsed at the end of the
Symposium is an indication of its success.
The attendants to the closing session of the First Interna
tional Symposium on Environmental Technology for Developing Coun
tries in Istanbul July 7-14, 1982, in which representatives from
42 countries and international organizations have participated
endorsed the following resolutions:
1. Appropriate environmental management policies and
procedures are needed by developing nations. The
appropriate policies should be consistent with and
enhancing to the countries' goals of economic develop
ment, resource conservation and desired levels of
environmental quality and public health.
2. Increased efforts should continue to be made by
developing countries to formulate the most reliable
low cost technologies for environmental protection
quality control and recycling. Some of these tech
nologies may be transferred from other nations.
Other technologies may be partially or totally
developed according to the specific social, economic,
cultural and other relevant features of the devel
oping nations.
3. In order to enhance the formulation of the most
appropriate technologies, developing nations should
strengthen the means for communicating with each
other and exchanging information and experience.
They should continuously assess previous and on
going applications of various technologies. The
means of communications may be formalized through the
establishment of an international society for
environmental management and technology for devel
oping nations.
4. It is also recognized that developing nations can
be further divided into sub-groups each of which
is characterized by more specific geographic, eco
nomic or cultural attributes which should be ref
lected in the development and selection of envi
ronmental management technologies.
5. Various types of assistance should be sought from
developed and industrialized nations as well as
international organizations in the process of es
tablishing and evaluating environmental management
systems for developing nations.
PREFACE vii
6. The participants of the symposium recommend that
action be started on soliciting the official
co~
operation and support of agencies and societies in
volved in academic and professional environmental
activities.
7. The participants of the symposium recognize a cri-
tical need of the developing countries for envi
ronmental monitoring and collection of baseline
conditions, establishment of environmental quality
standards, and applications of environmental impact
evaluation in project appraisal and planning procedures.
8. The participants recommend that Dr. Kriton Curi
assisted by a selected group from various countries
organize a second symposium on Environmental Manage
ment in Developing Countries within two years in
Istanbul. This group will also be responsible for
implementing and following up these resolutions.
The proceedings which follow include 47 papers presented by
scientists from 20 different countries. The variety of the coun
tries from which the contributors come, makes this volume represen
tative of an overall idea about the state of the art of environment
technology throughout the world.
This symposium was the result of coordinated work of many
people. Acknowledgement of their contribution by mentioning their
names is practically impossible because they are so numerous.
Thanks are expressed to all of them.
Thanks are expressed to all the lecturers as well as the
members of the Advisory Committee. This Volume is the result of
their contributions. Special tribute must go to the members of
the Organizing Committee of the Sr,mposium, Miss GUnay KOCASOY,
Dr. Sahim TEKELi and Dr. Ufuk SEBUKTEKiN, for their invaluable
assistance. The support and contribution of Miss Kocasoy even
after the termination of the Symposium are acknowledged with gra
titute.
Appreciation is also extended to Miss Marion LEITH for her
assistance in improving the wording of the text as well as to
Miss Ay~egUI BAYSAL for her assistance in general and to Mrs. Mine
KALENDEROGLU and Mrs. Emel YAMANER for typing the manuscripts.
Bogazici University Kriton Curi
March 1984
CONTENTS
Opening Remarks
G. Watters .......................................•........ xiii
Environmental Technology for Developing Countries. ... ....... 1
P. Bifani
Environmental Management in Developing Countries ...... ...... 31
F.D. Schaumburg
An Optimal Approach for the Selection of Appropriate
Sanitation Technology for Developing Countries 39
A.B.M. Shahalam
Development of Low-Waste and Waste-Free Technologies as the
Main Way of Solving the Industrial Waste Problem ....... S3
V.A. Zaytsev
Reliability Engineering for Approprite Environmental
Technology ............................................ 6S
P.M. Benthouex and D.K. Stevens
WB/UNDP - Integrated Resource Recovery Project:
Recycling of Wastes in Developing Countries 81
S. Arlosoroff
The Recycling of the Wastes of Production and Consumption as
an Aspect of the Environmental Protection in the USSR. . . . 9S
S.V. Dudenkov
Studies on the Possible Uses of Soda Industry Waste
as a Construction Material ............................ 101
A. Yeginobah
Benefits and Process Alternatives Made Possible by
Primary Effluent Filtration........................... 111
V.E. Mayer, M.R. Matsumoto and G. Tchobanoglous
ix
x CONTENTS
Biological Treatment of Urban and Industrial Effluents:
Advantages of Fixing Biomass on Specific Filler ....... 127
J.M. Philipot
Surface Characteristics of Biological Solids. ....... ........ 139
A.D. Andreadakis
Optimization of the Activated Sludge Method
by Automated Processing ............................... 153
E. Erenler
Activated Sludge Process Applied to the Treatment
of High Concentration Wastes ......... ............ ..... 163
C. Russo and S.L. Przybylski
The Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of Strong Wastes ..... 175
D. Orhon, Y. Cimjit and E. G6nen~
Seasonal Sensitivity of Pollution Load and Effect of
Suspended Solids on the Performance of a
University Oxidation Pond ... , . " . .. ... . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . 193
0.0. Songonuga
Biological Treatment of Piggery Wastes in
Oxidation Ditches ..................................... 227
D.G. Christoulas, A. Andreadakis and
A.K. Katsiri
Diurnal Studies of a Micro-Aquatic Engineered
Ecosystem ............................................. 235
R.P. Mathur and A.K. Sinha
Improvement of Biodegradability in Anaerobic
Digestion of Dairy Cow Manure .......... ... ....... ..... 247
S.G. Velioglu, K. Curi, A. Baban and
N. Alpaslan
The Combination of Individual Septic Tanks and
Collective Anaerobic Digestion of Night Soils 265
F. Edeline
Sewage Derived Methane as a Vehicle Fuel 275
O. Collins, J. Picken and L. Harris
Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Oil Wastewater 291
K. Curi, S.G. Velioglu and M.H. Sur
An Anaerobic Filter Applied to the Treatment
of Distillery Wastewaters ..... ........ .... ... ......... 311
C. Russo, G.L. Sant'Anna Jr. and
S.E. de Carvalho Pereira
CONTENTS xi
Water Use and Treatment Practices and Other
Environmental Considerations in the Iron
and Steel Industry .................................... 327
J.B. Carmichael
Treatment of Wastewater from the Canning Industry
in Egypt .............................................. 349
A. Hamza
Purification of Refinery Wastes by Means of
Flocculation with Ferric Chloride ............ ......... 363.
N. Ghania
A Systematic Approach to the Industrial Pollution
Problem of Kuwait (KISK 609) .......................... 371
S.T. Nesaratnarn and A.M. Al-Husseini
Current Issues in Hazardous Chemical Waste Disposal...... ... 383
J. L. Carden Jr.
Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations
by Using Fly Ash ...................................... 395
E. Papachristou, G. Vasilikiotis and
C. Alexiades
Bioassays in Detecting the Toxicity of Raw and
Treated Pharmaceutical Waste .......................... 405
S.G. Saad and M.I. Zaki
The Chemical Contents of Alkaline Wastewater from the
Selective Flotation of Pb-Zn Ores and Its Use ......... 417
B. Kamberi, A. Ibar I. Ahrnet and O. Ibar
Less Treatment Better for Fishery 425
J. Taylor Jr. and D. Walrath
The Use of Plastic Outfalls as a Low-Cost Waste
Waste Disposal Alternative 443
S.A.S. Almeida and R.G. Ludwig
Marine Outfalls as a Wastewater Treatment and
Disposal Alternative in Developing Countries 459
O. Uslu
Probable Impact of Proposed izmir Wastewater
Treatment Plant Effluents on izmir
Bay Water Quality..................................... 475
A. Muezzinoglu, A. Akyar11, B. Baysal and
F. Sengiil
xii CONTENTS
Chemical Pollution of King Talal Dam Reservoir ...... ... ..... 493
F. Soub and A. Mahasneh
Final Disposal by Infiltration With Minimum
Management and Wastes ................................. 515
P.C. da Costa and J.M. Novais
Retentivity of Copper from Waste Effluents
by Soil Consti tutents ................................. 521
S. Velchamy, R.P. Mathur and I. Mehrota
The Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by 533
~oils
T. Okubo and J. Matsumoto
A Laboratory Study to Determine the Acceptability
of Oxidation Pond Effluent by Soil ................. '" 549
N. Billur and S. Siber
Management of Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Environment .... 563
A.H. El-Sebae
Combined Timber Production and Wastewater Treatment
Using a Marsh Forest System ........................... 579
B.B. James and R. Bogaert
Generation of Sewer Network Layouts in Developing
Countries ............................................. 591
S. Tekeli and H. Belkaya
A Model for Optimal Wastewater Management
in a River Basin ...................................... 599
Y. Smeers and D. Tyteca
Appropriate Waste Containment Technology for
Developing Countries .................................. 619
T. B. Edil
An Application of Locational Models for
Transfer Stations ..................................... 633
C. Yurteri and S. Siber
An Inverted-Pile Incinerator for Waste Disposal and
Energy Production 643
J.Z. James
Trace Elements in Kosova Basen Coal ......................... 657
N.M. Daci, M. Berisha and S.T. Gashi
Author Index ................................................ 665
Subject Index............................................... 667