Appropriate Technology for

212 Pages·2010·6.2 MB·English

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ISPJ j 9 351 ICLARM CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 8
Appropriate Technology for
Alternative Energy Sources in Fisheries
Edited by

Robert C.May, Ian R.Smith,and David B.Thomson

IIDEE,"ENBN
ASIAN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK iAQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Appropriate Technology for Alternative

Energy Sources in Fisheries

Proceedings of the ADB-ICLARM Workshop on

Appropriate Technology for Alternative Energy

Sources in Fisheries, Manila, Philippines

21-26 February 1981

Edited by

R.C. May, I.R. Smith and D.B. Thomson
1982
e\ f M
H6 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Appropriate Technology for Alternative

Energy Sources in Fisheries

Proceedings of the ADB-ICLARM Workshop on

Appropriate Technology for Alternative Energy

Sources in Fisheries, Manila, Philippines,

21-26 February 1981
Edited by
R.C. MAY
I.R. SMITII
D.B. TtOMSOw
1982
Published jointly by the Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789,
Manila, Philippines, and the International Center for Living Aquatic
Resources Management, MCC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro
Manila, Philippines
Printed in Manila, Philippines
Cover: Some alternative energy uses in the fisheries sector.
Design by Ovidio Espiritu, Jr.
May, R.C., I.R. Smith and D.B. Thomson, Editors. 1982.
Appropriate technology for alternative energy sources in
fisheries. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 8, 215 p.
Asian Development Bank and International Center for
Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.
ISSN 0115-41389
ISBN 971-04-0008-8
ICLARM Contribution No. 73
iv
Contents
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... ix
II. KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Oil, Fish and the Sun and the Wind. JOHN E. BARDACH ..................
III. FISHING VESSELS, ENGINES AND FUELS
Resource Paper:
Low Energy Fishing Vessels: The Use of Sail Power. JOHN F. FYsON . . 15
Participant Papers:
Mechanized Fishing Boats in the Maldives and Rising Fuel
Costs. N. T. HASEN DIDI ............................. 49
Strategies for Increasing Production and Decreasing Operating
Costs in a Small-Scale Fishery in the Northern Cook Islands.
CHRISTER S. FRIBERG ............................... 51
Development of Low-Energy Fishing Boats for Tropical Use.
E.W .H . GIFFORD ................................... 55
Comparative Efficiency of Gasoline, Kerosene and Diesel
Engines for Philippine Bancas. VIRGINIA FE V. HOLAZO ..... 65
Development of Low-Energy Fishing Boats in Taiwan.
71
ING-JY H JIANG .....................................
Combining Sail and Power in Fishing Vessels. KWANG
Soo LEE AND YOUNG I1 SON (Abstract) ................. 75
Boatbuilding in Thailand: Labor-Intensive Construction
Methods for Fishing Vessels. TONG NADGRATOK ............... 77
Summary of Discussion on Fishing Vessels, Engines and Fuels ....... 98
IV. SOLAR ENERGY
Resource Paper:
Solar Power for Onshore Activities: Asia-Pacific Region.
T.A. LAWAND AND R. AILWARD ............................... 101
v
Participant Papers:
Prospects for Improved Solar Fish Drying in Bangladesh.
KAZI Azizui, HAQUE ................................ 113
A Polythene Tent Fish Drier used in Papua New Guinea.
ANDREW H. RICHARDS ............................... 117
Solar Fish Drying in Fiji. SURENDRA SEWAK ................. 121
Solar Refrigeration for Remote Island Locations.
DAVID Low'riiiE (Abstract) ........................... 125
Summary of Discussion on Solar Energy ........................ 126
V. WIND ENERGY
Resource Paper:
Wind Energy, Hydropower and Heat Pumps for Aquaculture
and Fish Processing. DERMOT MCGUIGAN ....................... 127
Summary of Discussion on Wind Energy ........................ 136
VI. ORGANIC FUELS
Resource Paper:
Fuels from Biomass: Technology Status and Prospects for
Utilization in Fishing Communities. ERNESTO N. TEaRRX)O .......... 137
Summary of Discussion on Organic Fuels ....................... 151
VII. POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
Participant Papers:
Low-Cost Fish Processing and the Use of Appropriate
Technology in the Philippines. FLORIAN OREJANA ............ 153
Indonesian Fisheries: Prospects for Economizing Energy and
Applying Appropriate Technology in Post-Harvest Activities.
SOFYAN ILYAS ..................................... 161
Summary of Discussion on Post-Harvest Technology .............. 165
VIII. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Resource Paper:
Integration, Application and Management of Energy Activities at
the Community Level: Technology Transfer and Communication.
RATIiINDRA NATII Roy ..................................... 167
Vi\
Participant Papers:
Chilaw Fishing Harbor Complex: An Integrated Unit
Emphasizing Labor-intensive Methods and Local Materials.
M .C. A m oo .......................................
185
Integrated Agro-Fisheries Activities in Nepal.

M.B. PANTrI^A (Abstract) .............................. 189
Bamboo Rafts for Oyster Culture in Taiwan.
JEN-CIIYUAN LE ...................................
191
Summary of Discussion on Integrated Systems ................... 194
IX. WORKSHOP STATEMENTS ................................ 197
X. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................
205
XI. APPENDICES
A. Opening Rem arks .....................................
207
B. Other Addresses ......................................
211
C. List of Participants .................................... 213

v'iiK
Participants at the ADB-ICLARM Workshop on Alternative Energy
1.MlRC (
2 . A P2Z3MA L (Peru) 2. KEVI MUNC 2A 36. RIC AR CA3D L (UK.
1.C.AOBO iL ne) 16. DERM CHYUAN (Iwean) 39. FLORIAN BREANA (pli)
10.RAMESRBTON )APhilipplnes) 25. T.HASEN. DIDN (aald) 40. JOHNETH BRC (U.S.A.)
31.RAN THR NATHROY (Ida82. SIDGINIA HOAHIM (Afhanippta) 41. ANRSEM LEGASP (hkIpns)
12.. RBLMAN C (UFK.) 27. HAUNHIL OMN (Malayea) 42. TURNDRAEWK (Fiji)
13.DAID TSONE (ADrea 28. ERNSTO TRRA (Philippines) 43,.JOHNRF Y (FAD)
14.IGNACIO PALO (Philippines) 29. KAZI AZIZU LEHDE (aiangla) 44. NLICOAS STtEJ (olmons)
15. H. SCHULZE.WIEHENBRAUCK IFRG) 30. EPHRAIM ANIDELEIN (Pepua New Guinea)
viii
Introduction
The Asia-Pacific fisheries support over 6 million in Fisheries. The workshop was held in Manila
full-time fishermen who in turn provide work for from 16 to 21 February 1981 and had the follow­
over 10 million shore-based artisans. These 16 mil- ing immediate objectives:
lion workers plus their families comprise over 80 0 to disseminate information and experience
million persons. Socially and economically impor- regarding presently available appropriate
tant, the region's fisheries are beset with serious technology for alternative energy sources in
problems. Most of the fishermen are small-scale fisheries by means of discussions, back­
operators living in communities characterized by ground papers, practical demonstrations and
geographic and economic isolation and by low field trips;
standards of living with few alternative sources of * to exarnine opportunities for, and constraints
income. Recent increases in the price of fossil fuel on, the wider application of these technol­
have created new problems for the fisheries sector, ogies, including technical, institutional and
which requires energy to power fishing vessels and managerial aspects;
to run equipment for refrigeration, ice-making, fish * to dentify those technologies on which
preservation and processing. It is clear that fossil further research and development would be
fuels can no longer be relied upon exclusively to most productive in terms of their relevance
provide the necessary power for these operations. to fisheries and fishing communities; and
The application of technologies appropriate to * to cons'ier means of promoting information
small-scale fisheries and their related energy exchange and ,,nsuring the transfer to
requirements could do much to "-:ducethe use of fishhg communities of appropriate technol­
fossil fuels, develop renewable energy resources, ogies for aiternative energy sou:rces in
create employment opportunities at low capital fisheries.
cost and avoid damage to aquatic environments. Participants were invited from the Bank's
Recent advances in the development of modern developing member countries, and observers
sail-powered and sail-assisted iessels, low-cost were invited from developed member countries as
solar dryers and distillers, bio-fuels, windmills, well as from various international develcp­
hydropower and integrated agro-fisheries systems rnent organizations. Six resource speakers prepared
could have a significant and immediate impact on background papers examining renewable energy
fishing communities. To date, however, little of sources and their application to fisheries through
the valuable data compiled and experience gained appropriate technology. Participants prepared
by various research and development organi7ations papers on their experience with the application of
in these field, has been disseminated in the rcnewable energy or appropriate technology in
developing countries, least of al, arniong the rural their respective fisheries.
fishing communities which need them most. The workshop included sessions devoted to
To help overcome: this deficiency, the Asian presentation of papers and discussion, field
Development Bank and the International Center visits, and working groups. Three working groups,
for Living Aquatic Resources Management on capture fisheries, aquaculture and post­
(ICLARM) co-sronsored a Workshop on Appro- harvest activities, formulated statements on the
priate Technology for Alternative Energy Sources strategy to be adopted in view of escalating
ix
oil prices, technology identification and delivery, to national fisheries research and development
research )riorities, and related issues (environ- agencies in developing cc tries as well as to
mental considerations and credit). These state- international aid organizations, in sharpen­
ments were discussed in a final plenary session ing their awareness of both the potentials and the
and thus represent the general consensus of the limitations of the alternative technologies that
workshop. are now available. It is apparent, based on the
This volume contains the proceedings of thle workshop discussions, that much remains to be
workshop. All resource papers and participant done to define appropriate modes and mechanisms
papers (some in abstract form) are included by for reducing the current dependence of the
major topic covered. The discussions on each fisheries sector upon fossil fuels. In this sense,
major topic are summarized at the en(l of each therefore, these proceedings represent only the
section. The full text of the workshop stat2ments first step in enCouraging new modes of thinking
is also included. regarding energy use in fisheries.
It is hoped that these proceedings will be usCful
KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Oil, Fish and The Sun and The Wind
JOHN E. BARDACH
Resource Systems Institute

East-West Center

Honolulu, Hawaii

U.S.A.
BARDACH, J.E. 1982. Oil, fish and the sun and the wind, p. 1-14. In R.C. May, I.R. Smith and D.B.
Thomson (eds.) Appropriate technology for alternative energy sources in fisheries. ICLARM Confer­
ence Proceedings 8, 215 p. Asian Development Bank and International Center for Living Aquatic
Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.
To assume the above will occur is to assum, the
Introduction best of all possible worlds to prevail; itsays nothing
about prices or about the distribution of oil
We are here because the world oil reserves ndi- deposits or the costs of developing them. Let it
cate that replacement for oil must be sought and suffice here to say that the urgency for transition
fairly speedily at that. In theory, sufficient oil is greater than these figures imply and that it is
exists for a smooth transition away from oil as the better to begin in earnest sooner rather than later.
world's key fuel. According to Leach (1979, Beyond a hundred years, solar energy .a all its
p. 34): variants [that is, wind, tides, ocear. thermal
The median consensus figure for ultimate recover­
ableb raerseostukricgecs oinsnvoewn ti2o5n7a bl illoiiol no tnolnys. , Torh 1is. 8g8iv exs 1j0u1s2t aennder gthy ec osnuvne'sr srioany s (pOuTreE Can),d insi madpdlei]t,i onan tdo ablli okminadsss
barrels, taking covninlolol.Ti ip ut of nuclear energies seem the only large-scale
over a 100-year supply at present (1979) production
levels, 64 years at the 1973-76 growth rate of 1.5 options (Rose 1980), while coal is likely o
percent a year. But since the developed countries increase in importance in the medium tarm. For
use 83 percent of world supplies, one needs only us here and now though, shorter time perspectives
moderate oil conservation policies in them to move prevail as we discuss vaious aspects of an energy
th i lifetime of oil resources into the 60- to 100-year transition for aquatic food production.
bracket and allow a large rise in consumption by Fish are now the most important animal
developing countries. To give one example: if in protein component in the diet of many hundred
2000 oil use in developed countries is 15 percent millions of people around and in the Pacific
below present levels, and in developing countries oil (Table 1. and Fig. 1), and they will keep this
use increases until then by 5.5 percent a year (giving nutritionlI importance whether they will be
a 3.1-fold increase by 2000), world consumption fished wita boats driven by synthetic fuels or
would increase by only 1 percent a year over
1976-2000. At the end of the century, remaining oil methane, and be iced or otherwise preserved with
resources would be 190 billion tons, giving a further power deriveC from the sun by means of ocean
60-year life at 2000 consumption level of around thermal energy, by tides, by waves, and in places
3.1 billion tons. by solar ice-mak.rs, perhaps by hybrid chemical­