Applying pattern recognition and high-to-low resolution image matching techniques for automatic rectification of satellite images

196 Pages·2001·9.1 MB·English

by  Abd-Elrahman, Amr, 1969-

APPLYINGPATTERNRECOGNITIONANDHIGH-TO-LOWRESOLUTION
IMAGEMATCHINGTECHNIQUESFORAUTOMATICRECTIFICATIONOF
SATELLITEIMAGES
By
AMRABD-ELRAHMAN
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2001
Copyright2001
by
AMRABD-ELRAHMAN
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ideeplythankmywife,Marwa,forsupportingmewhileIwasdoingmyresearch
andforhergreatmotherhoodtomychildrenAhmedandYasmine.Ahmedand
Yasmine'ssmilesgavemethepowertoconfrontallthedailylifeobstaclesandhopefor
thefuture.Iowemymotherandmyfatherallthecreditforraisingandsupportingme.I
stronglyfeeltheirheartlyprayersineveryandeachstepIwalk.
Iwouldliketothankmycommitteeprofessors,ScotSmith,BonDewitt,
GrenvilleBarnes,SumiHelal,andEdwardWalshfortheirsignificantcontributionand
guidancetomywork.IwouldliketosendamessageofappreciationspecificallytoDr.
DewittandDr.Smithfortheeffort,time,andsupporttheyprovidedmethroughoutmy
stayintheUnitedStates.MygreatthanksgotoDr.LeonardPearlstineattheFlorida
CooperativeFishandWildlifeResearchUnit,whosupportedandprovidedmewiththe
datausedintheresearch.Dr.Pearlstine’scontinuousandfriendlyadvicewasagreat
motivationformyresearch.IalsothankDr.JaniceHoneymanwhovolunteeredand
playedamajorrolewithDr.Walshintheaerialimageryacquisitionprocess.
Finally,IwouldliketothankmycountryEgyptthatprovidedmewiththefunds
todomyresearch.IalsothankDr.MohamedNassarmy,advisoratAinShams
University,whocontinuouslysupportedandadvisedmeeversinceIfinishedmyB.S.
degree.
iii
1
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
LISTOFTABLES vii
LISTOFFIGURES ix
ABSTRACT xiii
CHAPTERS
1.INTRODUCTION 1
GeneralDescription 1
StatementoftheProblem 3
ResearchObjectives 5
ScopeoftheResearch 6
2.BACKGROUND 8
RectifyingSatelliteImages 8
ImageRegistrationandMatchingTechniques 1
NormalizedCrossCorrelationMatching 15
GeneralLeastSquaresAdjustment 16
LeastSquaresMatching 18
SamplingandImageReconstruction 21
Convolution 22
TheFourierTransform 23
Impulse,ImpulseTrain,andImpulseLatticeSignals 25
TheSamplingProcess 26
NearestNeighborInterpolation 30
LinearInterpolation 31
CubicConvolutionFilters 31
GaussianLowPassFilter 34
Band-PassandBand-RejectFilters 35
ModelingandCorrectingGeometricDistortionsintheSatelliteImage 40
StatisticalTesting 42
TestingSampleMeanagainstPopulationMean 43
IV
1
TestingtheRatioofTwoPopulationVariances 44
3.EXPERIMENTALAPPROACH 46
DescriptionofDataandInstrumentation 46
Methodology 48
ImageAcquisitionandDataPreparation 50
DevelopingandTestingMatchingTechnique 53
ModifiedMatchingTechnique 57
CorrectingGeometricDistortionsintheSatelliteImage 59
4.DEVELOPMENTOFMODIFIEDMATCHINGTECHNIQUE 69
ModifiedLeastSquaresSolution 69
VariationsofModifiedMatchingTechnique 79
Allwindowparametersareunknowns 81
Four-quartersymmetry 82
UsingDiagonalSymmetry 82
UsingDiagonalSymmetrywithCircularwindow 83
SingularValueDecompositionAnalysis 84
ComputerHardwareandSoftware 85
DevelopedSoftware 86
CommercialPackages 86
5.EXPERIMENTSANDRESULTS 88
TestingtheModifiedMatchingTechnique 88
TestingTraditionalMatchingTechniques 93
GeoreferencingSatelliteImage 94
ImageFilterParameters 99
VisualComparisonofFilteredImages 99
6.EVALUATIONANDDISCUSSION 105
SatelliteImageGeoreferencingEvaluation 105
Modifiedvs.TraditionalMatchingTechniques 11
CorrelationThresholdsandneededcontrolpoints 114
GeoreferencingusingNavigationData 116
EvaluatingOutputFilterParameters 117
7.SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 121
v
Summary 121
Conclusions 122
Recommendations 125
APPENDICES
A.MATCHINGRESULTS 127
B.GEOREFERENCINGRESULTS 133
C.SOFTWARELISTINGS 139
TEMPLATEMATCHINGApplication 139
IMAGEClass 149
LISTOFREFERENCES 174
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 180
vi
LISTOFTABLES
Table Page
Table3.1.Partoftabulatedimagesdatafile 50
Table3.2.GroundandImageCoordinatesofCheckpoints 68
Table6.1.RMSE,mean,standarddeviationforthedifferencesbetweenknownand
computedcoordinatesof30checkpoints,correlationthresholdequalto0.60...105
Table6.2.RMSE,mean,andstandarddeviationforthedifferencesbetweenknownand
computedcoordinatesof30checkpoints,correlationthresholdequalto0.65...106
Table6.3.RMSE,mean,andstandarddeviationforthedifferencesbetweenknownand
computedcoordinatesof30checkpoints,correlationthresholdequalto0.70...106
Table6.4./-studentstatisticinthexandydirectionforthemeanvaluesofthe
discrepanciesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints 110
Table6.5.Fstatisticinthexandydirectionforthediscrepanciesbetweenknownand
computedcoordinatesof30checkpointsincaseofusingcorrelationthreshold
of0.60 114
TableA.l.CorrelationandLeastSquaresMatchingResultsforimageswithcorrelation
coefficientequaltoorexceeds0.60 127
TableA.2.LeastSquaresMatchingResultsforimageswithcorrelationcoefficientequal
toorexceeds0.60usingGaussianfilterwithsigmaequalsto5and7 129
TableA.3.LeastSquaresMatchingResultsforimageswithcorrelationcoefficientequal
toorexceeds0.60usingGaussianfilterwithsigmaequalsto7and9 131
TableB.l.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints.
WhenusingtraditionalmatchingtechniquewithimagesfilteredbyaGaussian
filterwithsigmavalueequalsto5 133
TableB.2.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints.
WhenusingtraditionalmatchingtechniquewithimagesfilteredbyaGaussian
filterwithsigmavalueequalsto7 134
vii
TableB.3.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints.
WhenusingtraditionalmatchingtechniquewithimagesfilteredbyaGaussian
filterwithsigmavalueequalsto9 135
TableB.4.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints.
WhenusingtraditionalmatchingtechniquewithimagesfilteredbyaGaussian
filterwithsigmavalueequalsto11 136
TableB.5.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints
whenusingmodifiedmatchingtechnique 137
TableB.6.Differencesbetweenknownandcomputedcoordinatesof30checkpoints
whenusingmodifiedmatchingtechnique.AerialImagecoordinatesare
computedthroughnavigationsensorsdata 138
viii
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure Page
Figure2.1.Anexampleforaconvolution.Twoconvolvedboxfunctionsresultinatent
function(TheuBl,1999) 22
Figure2.2:Theimpulsefunctionontheleft,animpulsetrain(combfunction)onthe
right 25
Figure2.3.Frequencyresponseofsomefunctionandanimpulsetrain(left)andtheresult
ofconvolvingthesefunctions(right)(TheuBl,1999) 27
Figure2.4.Functionsampledwithalowersamplingrate 28
Figure2.5.Theboxfunction(top)andthesinefunction(bottom) 29
Figure2.6. Atentfunction(top)anditsfrequencyresponsedepictedasfrequencyvs.
magnitude(bottom) 32
Figure2.7.Cubicsplinefunctionsandtheirfrequencyresponse 33
Figure2.8.Gaussianfunctionanditsfrequencyresponse 36
Figure2.9.Idealband-passfilterinbothspatial(top)andfrequency(bottom)domains 38
Figure2.10.Idealband-rejectfilterinbothspatial(top)andfrequency(bottom)domains..39
Figure3.1.Approximatelocationsofcapturedaerialimagecenterpointsplottedoverthe
IRSimage 49
Figure3.2.Samplesmall-formataerialimagesoversuburbanlandscapes 51
Figure3.4.CoordinatesofimagecenterpointsfromGPSandattitudeinformation 54
Figure3-5.Sampleaerialimagebefore(top)andafter(bottom)eliminatingthedefected
blankareas 56
Figure3.6.Resamplingfilteredsmall-formataerialimage 58
Figure3.7.UsedGaussianfilterwithdifferentsigmavalues 59
IX
Figure3.8.SampleofusingDOQQimage(top)toobtaingroundcoordinatesofcenter
pointofsmall-formataerialimagenumber1227-056(bottomleft).Imagein
bottomrightrepresentsazoomintheDOQQimagerepresentingthecenterof
thesmall-formataerialimage 62
Figure3.9.SampleofusingDOQQimage(top)toobtaingroundcoordinatesofcenter
pointofsmall-formataerialimagenumber1227-051(bottomleft).Imagein
bottomrightrepresentsazoomintheDOQQimagerepresentingthecenterof
thesmall-formataerialimage 63
Figure3.10.CheckpointDOQQchk-06locatedonboththeIRS(top)andDOQQimages
(bottom) 64
Figure3.11.CheckpointDOQQchk-10locatedonboththeIRS(top)andDOQQimage
(bottom) 65
Figure3.12.CheckpointsGPSchk-05(top)andGPSchk-06(bottom)whosecoordinates
obtainedthroughGPSobservations 66
Figure3.13.DistributionofallcheckpointsplottedontheIRSimage 67
Figure4.1.Unknownfilterwindowparametersfornxnwindowsize 71
Figure4.2.Diagrammaticrepresentationofreferenceimage,templateimageandfilter
window 71
Figure4.3.Forminganequationforeach nxnaerialimagepixels 74
Figure4.4.ADiagrammaticrepresentationofatypicalAmatrix 77
Figure4.5.ADiagrammaticrepresentationofamodifiedAmatrix 80
Figure4.6.Unknownfilterwindowparametersforfour-quartersymmetrycase 82
Figure4.7.UnknownfilterwindowparametersforDiagonal-symmetrycase.Onlythe
diagonalelementsassumedunknowns.Therestoftheelements(non-diagonal
blankspaces)arecalculatedusinglinearinterpolationassumingafull
rotationalsymmetry 83
Figure4.8.GraphicalUserInterfaceforTEMPLATEMATCHINGApplication 87
Figure5.1.Aerialimage1227-003centerlocation,automaticandvisualmatching
locations(top)plottedovertheIRSimage,azoominviewfortheselocations
(middle),andtheaerialimage1227-003withitscenterlocationmarked
(bottom) 91
x