Table Of ContentApplying Multiple Criteria Aid
for Decision to Environmental Management
EURO
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Volume 3
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Applying
Multiple Criteria Aid
for Decision to
Environmental Management
Edited by
M. Paruccini
Commission of the European Communities,
Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics,
lspra, Italy
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Based on the papers presented at the 38th Meeting of the European Working Group
'Multicriteria Aid for Decision',
held at the Joint Research Centre, lspra, Italy,
7/8 October 1993
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-90-481-4421-1 ISBN 978-94-017-0767-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0767-1
Publication arrangements by
Commission of the European Communities
Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation,
Scientific and Technical Communication Unit, Luxembourg
EUR 15678
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Bernard ROY and Massimo PARUCCINI vii
Section 1.
MULTIPLE CRITERIA AID FOR DECISION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
-GENERAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Multicriteria Evaluation in Environmental Management: Why and How?
Giuseppe MUNDA, Peter NIJKAMP and Pict RIETVELD
Multiparametric Analysis for Industrial Strategies Oriented Towards
Environmental Protection
Benoit GAILL Y and Michel INSTALLE 23
Multicriteria Aspects of Environmental Indices
Dietmar SCHWEIGERT 29
-ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
A Reference Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Processes
Paola MOLINA and Maria Franca NORESE 37
Evaluation Multicritere: une Approche Qualitatif
Bernard FUSTIER 51
Multicriteria! Decision for Air-Pollution Reduction in Urban Regions
Nikolaus MODEL, U. SIX, A. WITIMUB and J. GONZALES 63
a
Aide Ia Decision en Matiere d'Environnement: Cas de Ia Depollution de Ia Rade
de Brest
Benoit ARCHIERI, S. HICHERI and J.P. BARTHELEMY 81
-WASTE MANAGEMENT
The Use ofMAPPAC and PRAGMA Methods to Support Decision on Industrial
Waste Management
Massimo PARUCCINI and Benedetto MATARAZZO 95
The Choice of a Solid Waste Management System by Using the ELECTRE III
Decision-Aid Method
Joonas HOKKANEN and Pekka SALMINEN lll
Impact sur I'Environnement des Rejets de Phosphogypse des Unites SlAPE et
SAEPA a Gabes, Tunisie
Taicir LOUKIL MOALLA 156
-ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Environmental Assessment of an Electric Transmission Line Project: a MCDA
Method
Alain ROUSSEAU and Jean Marc MARTEL 163
Energy Planning and Trade-offs between Environmental and Economic Criteria
G. MAVROTAS, D. DIAKOULAKI and D. ASSIMACOPOULOS 187
vi
Section 2.
CONTRIUUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Environment, Social Choices and Intergenerational Equity
Pierre KUNSCH 199
Indicators for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, and Tools for
Analysis
Francoise PETRY 213
An Ecosystem and its Equilibrium Points
Antonino SCARELLI and Lorenzo VENZI 233
Section 3.
CONTRIUUTIONS ON MULTIPLE CRITERIA AID FOR DECISION
Segmentation Problems and Neural Networks
Gabriella BALESTRA and Anna OST ANELLO 247
ARGUS: A.New Multiple Criteria Method Based on the General Idea
of Outranking
Wim DE KEYSER and Peter PEETERS 263
How to Assess the Weights of the Criteria in the AHP
Alessandro GIANGRANDE 279
SURMESURE: An Instrument for Representation and Interpretation of
ELECTRE and PROMETHEE Methods Results
Jacques PICTET, Lucien Y. MA YSTRE and Jean SIMOS 291
a
Aide Ia Decision et Theories Morphologiques
Jean FICHEFET 305
Rough-Set Sorting of Firm According to Bankruptcy Risk
Roman SLOWINSKI and ConstanLin ZOPOUNIDIS 339
Index 359
PREFACE
MultiCriteria Aid for Decision (MCDA) is an important branch of applied
mathematics and operational research. Since 1968 there have been major
developments of methods, concepts and applications in many areas.
The papers included in this book were presented at the 38th meeting of the
European Working Group "Multicriteria Aid for Decision" created at EURO I
(Brussels,1975).
The two main objectives of the Group are: to contribute to the
development of an original way of thinking at the European level in the field of
MCDA by approaching open problems, and to enable each member to present
his/her research and submit it to the critical discussion of the Group.
For the first time, specific applications of MCDA to Environmental Management
were the focus of the 38th meeting, held in Ispra at the Joint Research Centre
(J.R.C.) of the Commission of the European Communities. The focus of the
Conference emerged from the convergence of two main requirements. They are,
the evolution of environmental management towards the use of multicriteria aid
for decision methods and the increase use of MCDA in different fields in which
complex decision problems arise. Current society requests aids for decision
makers from different scientific disciplines in the assessment and management of
these kind of problems. Since they cannot be solved on the basis of one criterion
of choice, that is by the optimization of just one criterion, the MCDA methods
have been selected. At the same time different MCDA methods have been
developed to fit with a wide domain of applications. Environmental management
showed that it could be one of the most relevant of these applications
This research field is in line with the interest of the Institute for Systems
Engineering and Informatics of the J.R.C., which hosted the Conference. The
diversification towards non-nuclear fields has led the J.R.C. to become
increasingly interested on the negative impacts of technological development
and the Centre is now performing many tasks concerning the protection of the
environment. At the same time, the Commission's institutional responsibilities
were extended to an intense regulatory and promotional activity on matters at the
interface between science, technology and society. Safety and the protection of
people and the environment occupy a privileged position in Community policy
leading the J.R.C. to use its technical and scientific knowledge to an ever greater
extent in support of these.
As a result of this evolution the Institute for Systems Engineering and
Informatics progressively confirms its interest in developing and implementing
the most advanced formal techniques for a scientific approach to complex
decision problems such as: the limitation of the impact on the environment of
potentially dangerous industrial plants, the best management of resources such as
water or energy, etc.
By focusing the 38th meeting of the European Working Group on applying
MCDA to environmental management, the convergence of both the evolution of
environmental management and the increase in application of MCDA has been
reinforced.
The Conference had a large attendance, with apprpximately 80 researchers from
different European countries, and the participation of important experts in the
field. The papers presented and submitted to the discussion during the two days
covered a broad spectrum of environmental topics.
Nevertheless, due to the characteristics of the Group, other contributions not
directly linked with environment were also presented and are included here.
vii
viii
Section 1 is properly dedicated to the Multiple Criteria Aid for Decision in
Environmental Management. It includes 12 papers, 3 on general contributions, 4
on environmental planning, 3 on waste management and 2 on energy
management.
The paper by Munda, Nijkamp and Rietveld attempts to analyse the main
reasons why multicriteria decision methods should be used in real-world
environmental management problems. The paper by Gailly and Installe presents
a decision support tool which aids the decision maker to evaluate the influence
of industrial plant restrictions toward environmental protection, using
multiparametric sensitivity analysis, while Schweigert introduces the concept of
synergism for two or more criterion functions aiming to connect the theory of
environmental indices to multicriteria optimization.
Molina and Norese present a project for a multicriteria reference system for
Environmental Impact Assessment processes. In the paper by Fustier the
qualitative notion of "criterion of evaluation" takes the place of the quantitative
concept of criterion of choice, with an application to a regional development
strategy in Corsica. In his paper Model presents an investigation based on a
multicriteria optimization procedure to reduce the environmental pollution in
urban regions, with aplication to districts of Berlin and Madrid. Archieri, Hicheri
and Barthelemy present a paper which underlines the complexity a decision
support system must face in dealing with environmental problems such as the
cleaning up of the bay of Brest.
The paper by Paruccini and Matarazzo shows the application of pairwise
comparison criterion methods to a real-case of industrial waste management at
regional scale. Hokkanen and Salminen report the application of the ELECTRE
III method to the choice of a solid waste management system in a region of
Finland, and Louki Moalla presents the use of different multicriteria methods to
choose the best option of managing sea pollution due to the chemical waste.
The paper by Rousseau and Martel provides an example of a multicriteria
analysis method for the environmental impact assessment of a high voltage
transport line, while Mavrotas, Diakoulaki and Assimacopoulos develop a
multiperiodic, multiobjective optimization method aiming at the determination
of the optimal penetration of Natural Gas into the Greek energy system.
Section 2 shows 3 general contributions to Environmental Management.
The paper by Kunsch shows the extention of the instruments of social choice
theory and multiple criteria decision aid to the intergenerational context, aimed
at the appraisal of projects with environmental impact which raise a very long
term equity issue. Petry presents the use of multicriteria approaches to the
selection of indicators and methods of assessment for analysis of the
sustainability of agricultural and rural development projects. The paper by
Scarelli and Venzi aims at studying the behavioural model of an ecosystem in
resolving the conflict between two interdependent and antagonistic parties.
Section 3 contains 6 papers which are contributions on Multiple Criteria Aid for
Decision. There are 5 general and !application.
The paper by Balestra and Ostanello illustrates the potential of integrating the
Neural Network approach and multicriteria methods to increase the effectiveness
of MCDA in some decisional situations such as those of environmental
management. De Keeyser and Peeters report on an outline of a new multicriteria
method which tries "to measure the intensity of preference on an ordinal scale".
The paper by Giangrande shows the dinstiction between intrinsic and specific
weights of the criteria in the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Pictet, Maystre
and Simos present a new instrument for results representation suitable for the
methods of the ELECTRE and PROMETHEE families. The paper by Fichefet
suggests the use of morphologic theories to integrate MCDA for the knowledge
of real decisional situations.
ix
Finally Slowinski and Zopounidis present an application of the bankruptcy risk
as a multi-attribute sorting problem, using the rough set approach.
We draw the attention of the reader to the fact that these papers were submitted
to the Working Group in order to be discussed. They are collected in this volume
as Proceedings of the meeting. The papers have been included without any
particular scientific control of their quality, which was left to the responsibility
of the Authors.
Bernard Roy Massimo Paruccini
Chairman of the Working Group Organizer of the 38th meeting
Professor at Paris-Dauphine University Scientific Officer at the C.E.C.
MULT IC RITER IA EVALUATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: WHY AND
HOW?
G.MUNDA P. NIJKAMP, P. RIETVELD
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES FREE UNNERSITY
Joint Research Centre Department ofE conomics
Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics De Boelelaan 1105
I-21020ISPRA (VA) 1081 HV Amsterdam
Italy The Netherlands
ABSTRACT: In the past decades, the degraded state of the natural environment has become a key issue, and it
is increasingly taken for granted that environmental and resource problems generally have at least far reaching
economic and ecological consequences. Economic-environmental evaluation and decision problems are
conflictual in nature and, therefore, multicriteria techniques seem to be an appropriate modelling tool. This paper
attempts to analyse the main reasons why multicriteria decision methods should be used in real-world
environmental management problems. Some properties considered desirable for this particular use will be
indicated as well.
1. Environmental Issues and the Concept of "Sustainable Development"
Traditionally, Gross National Product (GNP) has been considered as the best performance
indicator for measuring national economy and welfare. But if resource depletion and degradation are
factored into economic trends, what emerges is a radically different picture from that depicted by
conventional methods. Daly and Cobb [1990] have attempted to adjust GNP to account mainly for
depletion of natural capital, pollution effects and income distribution effects by producing an "Index of
Sustainable Economic Welfare" (ISEW). A second version (ISEW2) also includes adjustments for
depletion of non-renewable r\!sources and long-term environmental damage. They conclude that while
GNP in the United States rose over the 1956-1986 interval, ISEW remained relatively unchanged
since about 1970. Is our traditional analytical framework able to incorporate conflicting issues caused
by social and environmental costs?
Conventional economic frameworks arc essentially based on a closed economic system
consisting of a set of production functions, cost functions, and final demand functions, in which
I
M. Paruccini (ed.), Applying Multiple Criteria Aid for Decision to Environmental Management, 1-22.
© 1994 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg.
