Table Of ContentCopyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Make the Grade
with CourseMate
The more you study, the better the results. Make the most
Engaging. Trackable. Affordable.
of your study time by accessing everything you need to
succeed in one place. Read your textbook, take notes, review
flashcards, watch videos, and take practice quizzes—online
with CourseMate.
CourseMate features:
Interactive Learning Tools:
Quizzes
Flashcards
Videos
Interactive eBook:
Take notes, highlight, search, and interact
with embedded media specific to your book.
Use it as a supplement to the printed text, or
as a substitute — the choice is yours.
To purchase access, visit
www.cengagebrain.com
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Applying Career Development
Theory to Counseling
SIXTH EDITION
RICHARD S. SHARF
University of Delaware
Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
ApplyingCareerDevelopmentTheory ©2013,2010Brooks/Cole,CengageLearning
toCounseling,SixthEdition
RichardS.Sharf ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright
hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformor
Publisher:Jon-DavidHague
byanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnot
ExecutiveEditor:JaimePerkins limitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web
distribution,informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrieval
DevelopmentalEditor:ArwenPetty
systems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976
AssistantEditor:MiaDreyer
UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionof
EditorialAssistant:AmeliaBlevins thepublisher.
MediaEditor:ElizabethMomb
SeniorBrandManager:ElisabethRhoden Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat
CengageLearningCustomer&SalesSupport,1-800-354-9706.
SeniorProgramManager:KaraKindstrom
Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct,submitall
ManufacturingPlanner:JudyInouye requestsonlineatwww.cengage.com/permissions.
RightsAcquisitionsSpecialist:Don Furtherpermissionsquestionscanbee-mailedto
Schlotman [email protected].
TextResearcher:PreMediaGlobal
CopyEditor:JulieMcNamee LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952303
CoverDesigner:EllenPettengel
StudentEdition:
CoverImage:HoeingTeamandIrisFields,
ISBN-13:978-1-285-07544-0
1993,©TimothyEaston/Private
Collection/TheBridgemanArtLibrary ISBN-10:1-285-07544-7
ArtandDesignDirection:CarolynDeacy
Loose-leafEdition:
ProductionManagementandComposition:
ISBN-13:978-1-285-41909-1
TeresaChristie,MPSLimited
ISBN-10:1-285-41909-X
Brooks/Cole
20DavisDrive
Belmont,CA94002-3098
USA
CengageLearningisaleadingproviderofcustomizedlearningsolutions
withofficelocationsaroundtheglobe,includingSingapore,theUnited
Kingdom,Australia,Mexico,Brazil,andJapan.Locateyourlocaloffice
atwww.cengage.com/global.
CengageLearningproductsarerepresentedinCanadabyNelson
Education,Ltd.
TolearnmoreaboutBrooks/Cole,visitwww.cengage.com/brooks
/cole
Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestoreoratour
preferredonlinestorewww.CengageBrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Brief Contents
Preface for Students xiii
Preface for Instructors xiv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
PART I Trait and Type Theories 23
CHAPTER 2 Trait and Factor Theory 25
CHAPTER 3 Occupations: Information and Theory 60
CHAPTER 4 Work Adjustment Theory 94
CHAPTER 5 Holland’s Theory of Types 119
CHAPTER 6 Myers–Briggs Type Theory 143
PART II Life-Span Theory 169
CHAPTER 7 Career Development in Childhood 171
CHAPTER 8 Adolescent Career Development 203
CHAPTER 9 Late Adolescent and Adult Career Development 232
CHAPTER10 Adult Career Crises and Transitions 264
PART III Special Focus Theories 293
CHAPTER11 Constructivist and Narrative Approaches to Career
Development 295
CHAPTER12 Relational Approaches to Career Development 327
CHAPTER13 Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory 353
CHAPTER14 Social Cognitive Career Theory 376
CHAPTER15 Career Decision-Making Approaches 399
PART IV Theoretical Integration 429
CHAPTER16 Theories in Combination 431
Appendix A CACREP Standards 471
Appendix B Tests and Their Publishers 473
Appendix C Web Sites 475
Author Index 477
Subject Index 487
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-2i0i3i
Contents
Preface for Students...........................................................xiii
Preface for Instructors ........................................................xiv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction................................................................. 1
TheRoleofTheory inPsychology 4
Counselors’UseofCareer DevelopmentTheory 5
ClientPopulation 6
Theories ofCounselingand Theories ofCareerDevelopment 6
Chunking 7
Counselor Skills 7
HelpingSkills 8
Assessment Instruments 12
HowCareerDevelopment TheoryRelatestoCareerCounseling 14
Goalsof CareerCounseling 15
Goals,CareerDevelopment Theory,andEthics 15
Autonomy 16
Nonmaleficence 16
Beneficence 16
Justice 16
Fidelity 16
CareerDevelopment ofWomen 17
CareerDevelopment ofCulturally DiversePopulations 17
What’sAhead 18
References 19
PART I Trait and Type Theories
CHAPTER 2
Trait and Factor Theory ................................................... 25
Step1: GainingSelf-Understanding 27
Aptitudes 27
Achievement 29
Interests 30
Values 32
Personality 33
Example ofStep1 35
Step2: Obtaining Knowledge about theWorldof Work 36
TypesofOccupational Information 37
ClassificationSystems 38
Traitand Factor Requirements 45
Civopyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents v
WhattheCounselorNeeds toKnow 46
Example ofStep 2 47
Step 3:Integrating Information about Oneselfand theWorldof Work 48
HowtheCounselorCanHelp 49
Example ofStep 3 50
Applying theTheory toWomen 51
Applying theTheory toCulturally DiversePopulations 53
Counselor Issues 54
Summary 55
References 56
CHAPTER 3
Occupations: Information and Theory ..................................... 60
TheUnited StatesLaborMarket 60
Sociological and Economic Approaches 65
YouthEmployment 66
TheEffect oftheWork Environment ontheIndividual 69
Status AttainmentTheory 69
Human Capital Theory 73
TheStructure oftheLaborMarket 75
Womenand Discrimination intheWorkplace 77
Culturally DiverseIndividuals andDiscrimination intheWorkplace 82
Summary 86
References 86
CHAPTER 4
Work Adjustment Theory.................................................. 94
Step 1:AssessingAbilities, Values,Personality, and Interests 96
Abilities 96
Values 97
Personality Styles 99
Interests 100
ACounseling Example 100
Step 2:Measuring theRequirementsand Conditions ofOccupations 102
AbilityPatterns 102
ValuePatterns 103
Combining AbilityandValuePatterns 104
Step 3:Matching Abilities,Values, andReinforcers 104
JobAdjustment Counseling 108
AdjustmenttoRetirement 110
Application toGiftedAdolescents 111
TheRoleof AssessmentInstruments 112
TheRoleof OccupationalInformation 113
Applying theTheory toWomenandCulturally DiversePopulations 114
Counselor Issues 115
Summary 115
References 116
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
vi Contents
CHAPTER 5
Holland’s Theory of Types ................................................ 119
TheSixTypes 119
Realistic 120
Investigative 121
Artistic 122
Social 122
Enterprising 123
Conventional 124
Combinations ofTypes 124
Explanatory Constructs 125
Congruence 126
Differentiation 127
Consistency 129
Identity 130
Researchon Holland’sConstructs 131
TheRoleofOccupational Information 132
TheRoleofAssessment Instruments 133
Applying theTheory toWomen 134
Applying theTheory toCulturallyDiverse Populations 135
Counselor Issues 136
Summary 137
References 138
CHAPTER 6
Myers–Briggs Type Theory................................................ 143
Perceiving andJudging 145
TheTwoWaysofPerceiving 145
TheTwoWaysofJudging 146
CombinationsofPerceiving andJudging 146
TwoCounseling Examples 147
ThePreference forPerception orJudgment 148
Extraversion and Introversion 149
TheSixteenTypeCombinations 149
Dominant andAuxiliary Processes 152
UsingtheMyers–BriggsTypology inCounseling 152
Exampleof CareerDecision-Making Counseling 153
Example ofCareerAdjustmentCounseling 159
TheRoleofOccupational Information 161
TheRoleofAssessment Instruments 162
Applying theTheory toWomenandCulturally DiversePopulations 164
Counselor Issues 165
Summary 166
References 166
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents vii
PART II Life-Span Theory
CHAPTER 7
Career Development in Childhood ........................................ 171
Super’sModelof theCareerDevelopmentof Children 172
Curiosity 173
Exploration 174
Information 175
KeyFigures 176
Internalversus ExternalControl 176
Development ofInterests 177
TimePerspective 177
Self-Conceptand Planfulness 178
Modifications of Super’sEarly GrowthStageof CareerDevelopment 180
Modifications ofSuper’sFantasySubstage 180
Modification ofSuper’sInterestSubstage 181
UsingSuper’sModel inCounseling Children 181
Gottfredson’sTheoryof Self-Creation, Circumscription, andCompromise 183
CognitiveGrowth 184
Self-Creation 185
Circumscription 187
Compromise 189
Implications ofGottfredson’sTheoryforSuper’sTheory 193
UseofGottfredson’sand Super’sConcepts inCounseling 193
CareerDevelopment ofChildren fromCulturally DiverseBackgrounds 195
TheRoleof OccupationalInformation 196
Occupational InformationinCounseling 197
School-to-WorkPrograms Designed forChildren 197
TheRoleof AssessmentInstruments 198
Counselor Issues 199
Summary 199
References 199
CHAPTER 8
Adolescent Career Development........................................... 203
Factors Influencing AdolescentCareerDevelopment 203
Super’sLateGrowthStageofAdolescent CareerDevelopment 204
Development ofCapacities 204
Development ofValues 205
Transition totheCrystallizingSubstage 206
Modifications of Super’sLateGrowthStageof AdolescentCareerDevelopment 206
Level4:Internal Processes andCapacities 206
Level5:Interaction 207
Level6:Systemic Interaction 207
ACounseling Example 208
CareerMaturity 209
Super’s ConceptionofCareerMaturity 210
Identity andContext 215
ACounseling Example 218
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
