Applied Scanning Probe Methods XI: Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques

280 Pages·2009·7.389 MB·English

by  Bharat Bhushan, Harald Fuchs (auth.)

NanoScience and Technology
NanoScience and Technology
SeriesEditors:
P.Avouris B.Bhushan D.Bimberg K.vonKlitzing H.Sakaki R.Wiesendanger
TheseriesNanoScienceandTechnologyisfocusedonthefascinatingnano-world,mesoscopic
physics,analysiswithatomicresolution,nanoandquantum-effectdevices,nanomechanicsand
atomic-scaleprocesses.Allthebasicaspectsandtechnologyorienteddevelopmentsinthisemerg-
ingdisciplinearecoveredbycomprehensiveandtimelybooks.Theseriesconstitutesasurveyof
therelevantspecialtopics,whicharepresentedbyleadingexpertsinthefield.Thesebookswill
appealtoresearchers,engineers,andadvancedstudents.
MultiscaleDissipativeMechanisms AppliedScanningProbeMethodsXI
andHierarchicalSurfaces ScanningProbeMicroscopy
Friction,Superhydrophobicity, and
Techniques
Biomimetics
Editors: M. Nosonovsky, B. Bhushan Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsI AppliedScanningProbeMethodsXII
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs, Characterization
S.Hosaka
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsII
ScanningProbeMicroscopy AppliedScanningProbeMethodsXIII
Techniques BiomimeticsandIndustrialApplications
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsIII
MagneticMicroscopy
Characterization
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs ofNanostructures
Editors:H.HopsterandH.P.Oepen
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsIV
IndustrialApplication
ThePhysicsofNanotubes
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
FundamentalsofTheory,Optics
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsV andTransportDevices
ScanningProbeMicroscopy
Editors:S.V.RotkinandS.Subramoney
Techniques
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs, S. Kawata
AtomicForceMicroscopy,Scanning
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsVI NearfieldOpticalMicroscopy
Characterization andNanoscratching
Editors:B.Bhushan,S.Kawata
ApplicationtoRough
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsVII andNaturalSurfaces
BiomimeticsandIndustrialApplications ByG.Kaupp
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs
Nanocatalysis
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsVIII
ScanningProbeMicroscopyTechniques Editors:U.Heiz,U.Landman
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs,M.Tomitori
Roadmap
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsIX
ofScanningProbeMicroscopy
Characterization
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs, Editors:S.Morita
M.Tomitori
Nanostructures–
AppliedScanningProbeMethodsX
FabricationandAnalysis
BiomimeticsandIndustrialApplications
Editors:B.Bhushan,H.Fuchs,M.Tomitori Editor:H.Nejo
Bharat Bhushan
Harald Fuchs
Applied Scanning
Probe Methods XI
Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques
With113Figuresand17Tables
Including22ColorFigures
Editors
Prof.Dr.BharatBhushan Prof.Dr.HaraldFuchs
OhioStateUniversity Universita¨tMu¨nster
NanoprobeLaboratoryforBio-&Nanotechnology FB16
&Biomimetics(NLB2) PhysikalischesInstitut
201W.19thAve Wilhelm-Klemm-Str.10
Columbus,Ohio43210-1142 48149Mu¨nster
USA Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
SeriesEditors
ProfessorDr.PhaedonAvouris ProfessorDr.,Dres.h.c.KlausvonKlitzing
IBMResearchDivision Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rFestko¨rperforschung
NanometerScaleScience&Technology Heisenbergstrasse1,70569Stuttgart,Germany
ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,P.O.Box218
YorktownHeights,NY10598,USA ProfessorHiroyukiSakaki
UniversityofTokyo
ProfessorBharatBhushan InstituteofIndustrialScience,
NanoprobeLaboratoryforBio-&Nanotechnology 4-6-1Komaba,Meguro-ku,Tokyo153-8505
andBiomimetics(NLB2) Japan
201W.19thAvenue
TheOhioStateUniversity
Columbus,Ohio43210-1142,USA ProfessorDr.RolandWiesendanger
Institutfu¨rAngewandtePhysik
ProfessorDr.DieterBimberg Universita¨tHamburg
TUBerlin,Fakuta¨tMathematik, Jungiusstrasse11,20355Hamburg,Germany
Naturwissenschaften,
Institutfu¨rFestko¨rperphysik
Hardenbergstr.36,10623Berlin,Germany
ISBN:978-3-540-85036-6 e-ISBN:978-3-540-85037-3
NanoScienceandTechnologyISSN1434-4904
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008933574
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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Preface for Applied Scanning Probe Methods
Vol. XI–XIII
TheextremelypositiveresponsebytheadvancedcommunitytotheSpringerseries
on Applied Scanning Probe Methods I–X as well as intense engagement of the
researchers working in the field of applied scanning probe techniques have led to
three more volumes of this series. Following the previous concept, the chapters
were focused on development of novel scanning probe microscopy techniques in
Vol.XI,characterization,i.e.theapplicationofscanningprobesonvarioussurfaces
in Vol. XII, and the application of SPM probe to biomimetics and industrial appli-
cationsinVol.XIII.ThethreevolumeswillcomplementthepreviousvolumesI–X,
andthisdemonstratestherapiddevelopmentofthefieldsinceVol.Iwaspublished
in2004.Thepurposeoftheseriesistoprovidescientificbackgroundtonewcomers
inthefieldaswellasprovidetheexpertinthefieldsoundinformationaboutrecent
developmentonaworldwidebasis.
Vol. XI contains contributions about recent developments in scanning probe
microscopytechniques.Thetopicscontainnewconceptsofhighfrequencydynamic
SPMtechnique,theuseofforcemicroscopecantileversystemsassensors,ultrasonic
forcemicroscopy,nanomechanicalandnanoindentationmethodsaswellasdissipa-
tioneffectsindynamicAFM,andmechanismsofatomicfriction.
Vol. XII contains contributions of SPM applications on a variety of systems
includingbiologicalsystemsforthemeasurementofreceptor–ligandinteraction,the
imaging of chemical groups on living cells, and the imaging of chemical groups
on live cells. These biological applications are complemented by nearfield optical
microscopyinlifescienceandadhesionalfrictionmeasurementsofpolymersatthe
nanoscale using AFM. The probing of mechanical properties by indentation using
AFM, as well as investigating the mechanical properties of nanocontacts, the mea-
surement of viscous damping in confined liquids, and microtension tests using in
situAFMrepresentimportantcontributionstotheprobingofmechanicalproperties
of surfaces and materials. The atomic scale STM can be applied on heterogeneous
semiconductorsurfaces.
Vol. XIII, dealing with biomimetics and industrial applications, deals with a
variety of unconventional applications such as the investigations of the epicuticu-
lar grease in potato beetle wings, mechanical properties of mollusc shells, electro-
oxidative lithography for bottom-up nanofabrication, and the characterization of
mechanical properties of biotool materials. The application of nanomechanics as
tools for the investigation of blood clotting disease, the study of piezo-electric
polymers,quantitativesurfacecharacterization,nanotribologicalcharacterizationof
VI PrefaceforAppliedScanningProbeMethodsVol.XI–XIII
carbonaceousmaterials,andagingstudiesoflithiumionbatteriesarealsopresented
inthisvolume.
Wegratefullyacknowledgethesupportofallauthorsrepresentingleadingscien-
tistsinacademiaandindustryforthehighlyvaluablecontributiontoVols.XI–XIII.
WealsocordiallythanktheserieseditorMarionHertelandherstaffmembersBeate
Siek and Joern Mohr from Springer for their continued support and the organiza-
tionalworkallowingustogetthecontributionspublishedinduetime.
Wesincerelyhopethatreadersfindthesevolumestobescientificallystimulating
andrewarding.
August2008 BharatBhushan
HaraldFuchs
Contents – Volume XI
1 OscillationControlinDynamicSPMwithQuartzSensors
JohannJersch,HaraldFuchs ................................ 1
1.1 Introduction............................................... 1
1.2 DefinitionandMeasurementofSignalParameters............... 3
1.3 Connection Between Oscillation Parameters and Tip–Sample
Interactions................................................ 7
1.4 OscillationControlforQCR,TechnicalRealization.............. 8
1.5 ApplicationsoftheOscillationControllers ..................... 12
1.6 Summary ................................................. 13
References ........................................................ 14
2 AtomicForceMicroscopeCantileversUsedasSensorsforMonitoringMicrodrop
Evaporation
ElmarBonaccurso,DmytroS.Golovko,PaoloBonanno,Roberto
Raiteri,ThomasHaschke,WolfgangWiechert,Hans-Ju¨rgenButt ... 17
2.1 Introduction............................................... 18
2.2 Background,MaterialsandMethods .......................... 19
2.2.1 DropinEquilibrium ........................................ 19
2.2.2 EvaporatingDrop .......................................... 21
2.2.3 ExperimentalSetup ........................................ 22
2.3 EvaporationResultsonMicrodrops ........................... 24
2.3.1 EvaporationCurve ......................................... 24
2.3.2 ForceModel .............................................. 24
2.3.3 NegativeInclination ........................................ 26
2.3.4 MassandInclination ....................................... 28
2.3.5 VaporizationHeat.......................................... 30
2.4 FurtherApplicationsofDropsonCantilevers ................... 31
2.4.1 SpringConstantCalibration ................................. 31
2.4.2 ContaminationControlofCantilevers ......................... 33
VIII Contents–VolumeXI
2.5 Conclusions............................................... 36
References ........................................................ 36
3 MechanicalDiode-BasedUltrasonicAtomicForceMicroscopies
M.TeresaCuberes.......................................... 39
3.1 Introduction:AcousticMicroscopyintheNearField............. 39
3.1.1 AcousticMicroscopy:PossibilitiesandLimitations.............. 39
3.1.2 UltrasonicAtomicForceMicroscopies ........................ 41
3.2 UltrasonicForceMicroscopy:TheMechanicalDiodeEffect ...... 44
3.2.1 TheMechanicalDiodeEffect ................................ 44
3.2.2 ExperimentalImplementationofUFM ........................ 46
3.2.3 InformationfromUFMData................................. 47
3.2.4 ApplicationsofUFMinNanofabrication....................... 52
3.3 MechanicalDiodeUltrasonicFrictionForceMicroscopy ......... 54
3.3.1 TheLateralMechanicalDiodeEffect.......................... 54
3.3.2 ExperimentalImplementationofMD-UFFM ................... 56
3.3.3 ComparisonofMD-UFFMwithUFFMandTRmodeAFM ....... 56
3.3.4 InformationfromMD-UFFMData............................ 58
3.4 HeterodyneForceMicroscopy:BeatsatNanocontacts ........... 62
3.4.1 BeatsatNanocontacts ...................................... 62
3.4.2 ExperimentalImplementationofHFM ........................ 64
3.4.3 ComparisonofHFMwithUFM .............................. 65
3.4.4 InformationfromHFM:TimeResolution ...................... 66
References ........................................................ 68
4 ContactAtomicForceMicroscopy:APowerfulToolinAdhesionScience
MauriceBrogly,HousseinAwada,OlivierNoel ................. 73
4.1 Introduction............................................... 73
4.2 AdhesionScience .......................................... 74
4.2.1 AdhesionandAdhesiveStrength ............................. 74
4.2.2 AdhesionataLocalScale ................................... 75
4.3 Forcevs.DistanceMeasurementswithanAFM................. 76
4.4 AFMCalibration........................................... 77
4.4.1 SelectionofTips........................................... 77
4.4.2 DeterminationoftheSpringConstantoftheCantilever........... 78
4.4.3 DeterminationoftheTipRadius.............................. 78
4.4.4 NonlinearityoftheQuadrantofPhotodiodes ................... 79
4.4.5 ScanRateoftheCantilever .................................. 79
4.4.6 SystematicCheck .......................................... 79
4.4.7 Estimation of the Uncertainties Related to the Experimental
Pull-OffForceMeasurements ................................ 79
Contents–VolumeXI IX
4.5 AdhesionForcesandSurfaceEnergies......................... 80
4.5.1 Materials ................................................. 80
4.5.2 PreparationofOxidizedSilicaSurface......................... 80
4.5.3 GraftingofFunctionalizedSAMsonSiliconWafer.............. 81
4.5.4 CharacterizationoftheSAMs................................ 81
4.5.5 Force-Distance Curves on Rigid Systems Having Controlled
SurfaceChemistry.......................................... 82
4.5.6 InfluenceofCapillaryForcesonAdhesionForces ............... 84
4.6 AdhesionForcesMeasurementsonPolymers ................... 85
4.6.1 Cross-LinkingandFunctionalizationofPDMSNetworks......... 85
4.6.2 Force-DistanceCurvesonSoftPolymerSurfaces................ 86
4.6.3 RealIndentationoftheAFMTipInsideaSoftPolymer .......... 88
4.7 AFMNano-IndentationExperimentsonPolymerNetworks....... 89
4.7.1 Force-IndentationCurves.................................... 89
4.7.2 Nano-IndentationandNano-AdhesiononSoftPolymersHaving
ControlledSurfaceChemistryandMechanicalProperties ......... 91
4.8 Conclusion................................................ 94
References ........................................................ 94
5 ContactResonanceForceMicroscopyTechniquesforNanomechanicalMeasurements
DonnaC.Hurley ........................................... 97
5.1 Introduction............................................... 99
5.2 CantileversforContactResonanceForceMicroscopy ............ 101
5.3 DataAcquisitionTechniques................................. 103
5.4 DataAnalysisMethods ..................................... 107
5.4.1 ModelforCantileverDynamics .............................. 107
5.4.2 ModelforContactMechanics................................ 111
5.5 SurveyofContactResonanceForceMicroscopyMeasurements ... 113
5.6 TheoreticalPrinciplesforOptimizingExperiments .............. 116
5.6.1 CantileverDynamics:WhichModes? ......................... 116
5.6.2 ContactMechanics:WhatForces? ............................ 119
5.6.3 AnExample............................................... 121
5.7 PracticalIssuesforOptimizingExperiments.................... 122
5.7.1 ExcitingandDetectingtheCantilever’sResonantModes ......... 122
5.7.2 TipShapeandTipWear..................................... 124
5.8 ImagingwithContactResonanceForceMicroscopy ............. 127
5.9 TheRoadAhead........................................... 132
References ........................................................ 135
X Contents–VolumeXI
6 AFMNanoindentationMethod:GeometricalEffectsoftheIndenterTip
LorenzoCalabri,NicolaPugno,SergioValeri .................. 139
6.1 Introduction............................................... 139
6.2 ExperimentalConfiguration.................................. 144
6.2.1 FIBNanofabrication........................................ 145
6.2.2 TipRadiusofCurvatureCharacterization ...................... 148
6.2.3 NanoindentationExperimentalSetup.......................... 149
6.3 NumericalModel .......................................... 150
6.4 TheoreticalModel:AShape/Size-EffectLawforNanoindentation . 151
6.5 DeconvolutionoftheIndentationImpressions .................. 157
6.6 Results ................................................... 157
6.7 Conclusion................................................ 162
References ........................................................ 163
7 LocalMechanicalPropertiesbyAtomicForceMicroscopyNanoindentations
DavideTranchida,StefanoPiccarolo.......................... 165
7.1 Introduction............................................... 166
7.2 TheScaleofAFMNanoindentations .......................... 169
7.3 TheRelationshipwithMicrohardnessandAnalysisoftheUnloading
Curve .................................................... 173
7.4 ModelstoDescribetheForceCurves.......................... 178
7.5 FinalRemarksonLoadingHistory,Adhesion,RoughnessEffects.. 187
7.6 SelectedApplications....................................... 190
References ........................................................ 195
8 ThermalActivationEffectsinDynamicForceSpectroscopyandAtomicFriction
MykhayloEvstigneev........................................ 199
8.1 Introduction............................................... 200
8.1.1 DeterminationofBondStrengthofBiologicalComplexes ........ 201
8.1.2 AtomicFriction............................................ 202
8.2 StandardMethodofDataAnalysis............................ 204
8.2.1 RateEquationApproach .................................... 204
8.2.2 MostProbableRuptureForce ................................ 206
8.2.3 DFSPullingExperiments:MeanRuptureForce................. 209
8.2.4 AtomicFriction:AverageForceintheStick-SlipRegime......... 210
8.3 AlternativeMethodofDataAnalysis .......................... 213