Applied Principles of Hydrology

290 Pages·2016·107.064 MB·English

by  John C. Manning

APPLIED PRINCIPLES
HYDROLOGY
of
Third Edition
John C. Manning
late of California State University, Bakersfield
Manning_FM.indd 1 10/6/2016 3:51:24 PM
For information about this book, contact:
Waveland Press, Inc.
4180 IL Route 83, Suite 101
Long Grove, IL 60047-9580
[phone]
[email protected]
www.waveland.com
Copyright © 1997 by Mark Manning
Reissued 2016 by Waveland Press, Inc.
10-digit ISBN 1-4786-3419-7
13-digit ISBN 978-1-4786-3419-5
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing
from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Manning_FM.indd 2 10/6/2016 3:51:25 PM
Contents
PREFACE ix
1 THEW ATERC YCLE 1
Earth-TheB lueP lanet 1
The WateCry cle 2
Wateirn M otion 4
RevieQwu estions 6
2 THES TRUCTUREA NDP ROPERTOIFEW SA TER 7
MoleculSatrr uctoufWr aet er 7
The HydrogeBno nd 8
PropertoifWe ast er 10
ThermalP roperties 10
Viscosity
14
Compressibility 15
SurfaTceen sion 16
Capillarity 17
Watears a S olvent 18
ElectrPircoaple rties 19
Summary 19
RevieQwu estions 20
iii
iv Contents
3 WATERI NT HEA IRE:V APORATIAONNDC ONDENSATION 21
Evaporation 21
TheP rocoefEs vsa poration 22
MeasuErvianpgo ration 25
Estimating fErvoWamep aotrDhaaettrja Q P 28
PracItmipcoarlt oafEn vcaep orDaattiao n 28
Condensation 30
TheP rocoefCs osn densation 30
MeasureomfCe onntd ensation 32
Applications 33
SuppreEsvsaipnogr taoRt eidounWc aet Leors s 33
DispoofsW aals tewbayEt vearp oration 34
EvaporCaotoilvoiefIn ngd usPtrroicWaealst se r 35
ReviQeuwe stions 38
Investigations 38
4 PRECIPITATION 39
TheP rocoefPs rse cipitation 40
ForomfsP recipitation 41
1YpeosfP recipitation 43
MeasureomfPe rnetc ipitation 46
PrecipPiattattieinSrno psna acneTd i me 51
InterpraentAdan tailooynfsP irse cipDiattaat ion 56
Snow 60
MeasuSrniontwgoP redRiucnto ff 60
Interception 64
Applications 65
WeatMhoedri fication 65
CloSuede diinPn rga ctice 68
EnvironEmffeencottfaWs le atMhoedri fication 71
S ary 72
umm
ReviQeuwe stions 73
Investigations 73
5 INFILTRAATNIDOS NO IWLA TER 75
Infiltration 75
WhatiS so il? 75
ZonoefSs u bsurface Water 76
TheP rocoefIs nsfi ltration 77
SoWialt er 84
Soaisla PoMreodusi um 85
SoWialt ienSr t orage 86
SoWialt ine Mro tion 91
Contents
v
Applications 93
Irrigation 93
GroundwaRteecrh arge 97
GoldR ecovebryyH eapL eaching 100
RevieQwu estions 104
Investigations 104
6 EVAPOTRANRSAPTIION 105
The ProceosfTs r anspiration 106
Osmosis-Par oceosfsS electDiivffeu sion 106
MeasuriEnvga potranspiration 109
BasiWna ter Balance 109
LysimeMteetrh od 110
NeutroPnr obMee thod 111
EstimatoifoE nv apotranspifroaart G iroonw inCgr op 112
PotentEivaalp otranspiration 116
EffeocftE vapotranspiornaW taiteoSrnu pply 117
ChangeisnR unoff 117
ChangeisnG roundwatSetro rage 118
PhreatophyWtaetse-Thri eveosf t heD esert 119
CommonP hreatophytes 121
Applications 122
Evapotranspiarsaa Mteitohno fdo Wra stDei sposal 122
Summary 128
RevieQwu estions 128
7 GROUNDWATER 129
The GroundwaRteesre rvoir 130
Areaosf N aturRaelc haragned D ischarge 130
Aquifers 132
GeologoyfA quifers 133
ConfinaenddU nconfiAnqeudi fers 138
The FunctioofAn q uifeirnts h eW ateCry cle 139
AquifearsRs e servoirs: GroiunSn tdowraatgeer 139
StoraigneU nconfiAnqeudi fers 140
StoraigneC onfinAeqdu ifers 141
StoraigneR elatitooGn e ology 141
InterpretoafWt aitoenLr e veilnsa CaliforRneisae rvoir 142
DeclinWiantge Lre vealnsd S toraRgeed uction 142
WateLre veClo ntouMra p 143
GroundwaHtyedrr ograph 145
WateLre vePlr ofile 146
RisiWnagt eLre vels-Iannc reaisnSe t orage 146
vi Contents
AquiafseC rosn duits-GrionMu ontdiwoant er 149
TheC oncoefPp etr meability 152
GroundwDaitsecrhTh arrogueWg ehl ls 154
Applications 156
TheD akoAtrat esian Basin 158
TheG reAartt eBsaisainn 159
WhyD oA rteWseilaFlnls o w? 162
Storing SuUrnpdleursg rWoautnedr 164
ReviQeuwe stions 168
Investigations 169
8 RUNOFF 171
TheR unoCffy cle 172
FactoArffse ctRiunngo ff 175
Climate 176
PhysCihcaarla ctoeftr hiDesr taiicnsa ge Basin 176
LanUds eH:u maAnl teraotfti hEoenn vsi ronment 180
MeasureomfRe unnto ff 182
MeasuSrtirnega mflow 182
TheS treHaymd rograph 119
TheS treCahma nanneIdlt Fsl oodplain 197
TheC hannel 197
TheF loodplain 197
Floods 200
FlooCdo ntrol 202
Applications 203
TheC olorRaidvBoea rs in 203
ReviQeuwe stions 261
Investigations 261
9 CHEMICQAULA LITOYFN ATURAWLA TER 219
WhaItSs a linity? 221
WheInWs a tSearl ine? 221
Dissoslovliedds 222
MajCoorn stituents 222
MinCoorn stiitnSu eeWana ttse r 223
GlobCailr culoafDt iisosnoS lovleidd s 224
Sailntt h Oec eans 224
Sailntt h Aet mosphere 224
SailnSt u rfWaactee r 225
SailnGt r oundwater 226
Contents vii
How QualiAtfyf ecUtsse 226
TotaDli ssolSvoeldi (dTsD S) 227
ElectrCiocnadlu cti(vEiCt)y 227
Hardness 227
MinoCro nstituienSn utrsf aacnedU ndergroWuantde rs 228
Applications 229
Extracting MfirnoemNr aatlusr al Waters 229
ReclaimWiansgt Wea tefro rD rinking 232
WateRre claimaattiW oinn dhoeNka,m ibia 233
RevieQwu estions 234
Investigations 234
10 THEW ATERC YCLAEN DM AN 235
The BeginnionfWg e sterCni vilization 237
The EgyptiaanndsM esopotamians 237
The Greekasn dR omans 243
The MiddlAeg es 248
ModerTni mes-TheA geo fS cience 250
WatePrr oblems-AncainedMn otd ern 254
SalinizoaftA igorni cultSuorialls 254
SedimeinntR eservoirs 256
The Mytho fF looCdo ntrol 258
Conclusion 260
RevieQwu estions 260
APPENDIIX MAPO FC ALIFORNSIHAO WINLGO CATIONS
OFE XAMPLES DISCUISNST EEDX T 263
APPENDIIXI MOVINAGV ERAGES 265
APPENDIIXI IS OURCEOSF H YDROLGOIC DATA 267
APPENDIXIRVE FERENCES 269
INDEX 273
DEDICATION
FoErv aJ,o hann,dM ark
Preface
Alonwgi tthh ea iwre b reatwhaet,e irsp robabtlhyem ostu sedt,h em osta bused,
andt hem ostt aken-for-gnraatnutrreaedls ourNceea.r leyv eryoancec epatsas
mattoefrf aitthha wta tewri lall wapyosu frro ma f aucwehte ni ti st urneodn F.e wp eo­
pler ealihzoew m uch efhfaosrgt o nei ntpol annianngdb uilditnhge gruerabta n
water-distrsiybsutteiDmoosn y. o uk nowf,o erx amplweh,e re ycoiutgrye tist wsa ter?
Yearasg oN ewY ork Citya qbuueidluttc otb sr ing wfartoemtr h eC atskMioluln ­
tainLso;sA ngelehsas o nea quedutchta rtu nfsa urp t hee astesrni doef t heS ierra
NevadRaa ngaen da nothtehra ctr osstehseM ojavDee serttot apt heC olorado River;
Denveerv egne tsso meo fi twsa tefrr omat unntehla rtu nusn detrh ec ontinednit­al
vidteo t hew esstl opoeft heR ockMyo untaiCnhsi;c aigsol ucky-hiatsL akeM ichi­
gani ni tfsr onyta rd.
Whatevtehres ourcaena, b undasnutp ployfg oodc,l eawna teirse ssentfioarl
anyc ommuniItnyt .h eU nited Staa gtreosw,ip nogp ulatainodan r isisntga ndaorfd
livihnagv cea useadni ncreiansu es eo fw atedru rirnegc eyneta rIsn.1 99th0el, a test
yeafro rw hicfhi guraersea vailatbhleae v,e raugseeo ff reswha tefro ra lplu rposes
wase stimattoeb de3 39,mi0l0l0io n gpaelrdl aoynw,sh icihsa bou1t ,3ga4l0l opnesr
dayf oerv ermya n,w omana,n dc hilidnt hec ountry.
Althousguhp plcioenst intuobe e a dequaitnme o stp artosft heU niteSdt ates,
ith asb ecomcel eatrh atth eraer ee nvironmecnotsatclso nnectweidt ahn e ver-in­
creasdinrga fotnt hen atiowna'tse rre sourEcfefso.r ttosw arcdo nservaatnidoe nn ­
vironmenptraolt ecthiaovnei ncreatsheend e edt ok nowh oww atebre havaessi t
movetsh routghhew atecry clAen.d t heb ehavioofwr a teirnn aturiesw hath ydrol­
ogyi sa lalb out.
Thisi sa booko nb asiwca tesrc ienIctpe r.e senat bsr ieofu tlionfhe y drology,
beginnwiintgah d iscussoifto hnep hysiacnadlc hemicaatlt ribtuhtaemtsa ke water
sucahu niquseu bstaanncdeg ,o inogn t oa s tep-by-dsitsecpu ssoifto hnew atecry cle.
Wherevpeors sitbhleee xplanatoifos ncsi entific parriein lcliupslterbsay et xeadm ­
pleosf a ctuoaclc urrenfcreosmt her eawlo rld.
ix