Table Of ContentApplied Power
Quality
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Applied Power
Quality
Analysis, Modelling, Design and
Implementation of Power Quality
Monitoring Systems
SARATH PERERA
Australian Power Qualityand Reliability Centre,Universityof Wollongong,
Wollongong,NSW,Australia
SEAN ELPHICK
Australian Power Qualityand Reliability Centre,Universityof Wollongong,
Wollongong,NSW,Australia
Elsevier
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
1. Introductionto power quality in modern power systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Whatispowerquality? 3
1.3 Powerqualitymanagementphilosophy 11
1.4 Overviewofcontents 15
References 17
2. Steady-state voltage in low voltage networks 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Voltagestandards 20
2.3 Equipmentresponsetovoltagemagnitude 21
2.4 Causesofsteady-statevoltagevariation 32
2.5 PrinciplesofvoltageregulationinLVfeeders 33
2.6 Techniquesforimprovingvoltageregulation 41
References 48
3. Impact andmanagement ofpower system voltage
unbalance 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Commonlyuseddefinitions 50
3.3 Measurementofvoltageunbalance 51
3.4 Impactofvoltageunbalance 52
3.5 Managementofvoltageunbalanceinpowersystems 54
References 68
4. Impact andmanagement ofpower system harmonics 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Definitionofwaveform(harmonic)distortion 71
4.3 Measurementandanalysisofharmonicdistortion 77
4.4 Sourcesofharmonicdistortion 80
4.5 Impactofharmonicdistortion 92
4.6 Managementofharmonicdistortioninelectricitysupplynetworks 100
4.7 Mitigationofharmonicdistortion 126
References 128
v
vi Contents
5. Impact and management of voltage fluctuations, flicker and
rapid voltage changes 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Effectsofvoltagefluctuations 133
5.3 Powerqualityparametersassociatedwithvoltagefluctuations 134
5.4 Managementofvoltagefluctuationsandflickerandtheir
measurementandnetworkplanninglevels 143
References 145
6. Impact and management of power system voltagesags 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Definitionofvoltagesags 147
6.3 Causesofvoltagesags 150
6.4 Empiricalcharacteristicsofvoltagesags 151
6.5 Factorsinfluencingvoltagesagseverity 153
6.6 Impactofvoltagesags 155
6.7 Mitigationofvoltagesags 163
6.8 Assessmentandreportingofvoltagesags 174
References 182
7. Implications ofequipment behaviour on power quality 185
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Powerelectronicconverters 185
7.3 Motorloads 195
7.4 Capacitorbanks 197
7.5 Arcingloads 207
7.6 Transformers 207
7.7 Loadbehaviour 215
7.8 Impactofvariationsinsupplyvoltageonapplianceperformance 246
7.9 Powerqualitystandardsforequipmentperformance 254
References 257
8. Power qualitymonitoring,data analysis and reporting 259
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Standardsforpowerqualitymonitoring 264
8.3 PQdisturbancesandtheircharacterisation 269
8.4 Powerqualityinstruments 274
8.5 Transducers 282
8.6 Motivationforpowerqualitymonitoring 294
8.7 Reportingofpowerqualitydata 304
References 312
Index 315
Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge my past and present colleagues at the Australian
Power Quality and Reliability Centre (APQRC) who have inspired me
to delve in to the quite fruitful subject of power quality. In particular,
I wish to thank Emeritus Professor Vic Gosbell in that regard. I have been
very fortunate to have brilliant postgraduate students who went along
exploratorypathswhichhelpedmetoopennewwaysoflookingatpower
quality phenomena associated with voltage fluctuations and voltage unbal-
ance.Iwishtoacknowledgethesupportofmycolleaguesfromanumberof
CIGRE working groups who have acknowledged the work carried out
at APQRC.
I have tremendous admiration of my long-standing colleague, Sean
Elphick,whohasbeenabackboneofAPQRC.Ialsowishtoacknowledge
the support and insightful knowledge of my colleagues the late Associate
Professor Phil Ciufo, Associate Professor Duane Robinson, Jason David
and Gerard Drury of APQRC.
Sarath Perera
Firstly, I would like to thank my colleagues (past and present) at the
AustralianPowerQualityandReliabilityCentre,specificallyandinnopar-
ticular order: Professor Vic Gosbell, Associate Professor Duane Robinson,
Associate Professor Phil Ciufo, Dr Vic Smith, Jason David, Gerrard Drury
and Amin Rajabi. I have been fortunate in my career to have been able to
work with such fine mentors and colleagues.
I’dalsoliketothankmyco-authorProfessorSarathPererawhohasbeen
a mentor to me for a long period of time.
Finally,Ithankmyfamilywhohavesupportedmethroughtheprocessof
compiling this book and perhaps have had to put up with a few too many
weekends of dad in the study working on his book.
Sean Elphick
vii
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to power quality
in modern power systems
1.1 Introduction
In industrialised countries, electricity supply reliability, as measured by the
frequencyanddurationofelectricitysupplyinterruptions,isnowveryhigh.
Whilst reliability, or whether or not any level of voltage is present, may
strictly be considered part of the umbrella of disturbances included in the
broad definition of power quality, the fact that management of reliability
is well understood and that reliability is of a high standard means that reli-
ability and power quality are often considered to be separate topics. Given
theaforementionedhighlevelsofreliability,focushasmovedtootherareas
of power quality where improvements can be made. Whilst many power
qualityconceptshaveexistedformanyyears,inrecenttimestherehavebeen
someverysignificantchangestothenatureoftheloadsandgeneratorsthat
are connecting to electricity supply networks. Whilst these new loads and
generators are not producing any new power quality disturbances, their
characteristicsandthemethodsbywhichtheyarebeingintegratedintonet-
workshaveresultedinpowerqualitychallengesandcontinuedemphasison
the overall management of power quality from both a technical and regu-
latory perspective. Examples of recent power system changes that are
directly relevant to power quality performance are as follows:
(cid:129) Therehasbeenaproliferationofsmall-scalesolarphotovoltaic(PV)gen-
eration being integrated into low voltage (LV) networks. The majority
of these systems are installed on household rooftops. As an example,
Fig.1.1showsthetrendoftotalinstalledcapacityofsolarPVinAustralia
over the past 20 years. The figure shows that take-up increased rapidly
from2010onwardandcontinuestoincreaserapidly.Integrationofthese
distributed solar PV generators into low voltage electricity distribution
networkshasresultedinpowerqualitychallengesrelatedtovoltagereg-
ulation, voltage and current unbalance and to a lesser extent harmonic
distortion.
AppliedPowerQuality Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85467-2.00006-8 Allrightsreserved. 1
