Table Of ContentHeat and Mass Transfer
Series Editors: D. Mewes and F. Mayinger
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Markus Lehner· Dieter Mewes (Eds.)
Applied Optical
Measurements
Assisted by
Udo Dinglreiter and Robert Tauscher
With 270 Figures
Springer
Series Editors
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Mewes Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Franz Mayinger
Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik Technische UniversitătMunchen
U niversită t Hannover Lehrstuhl A fUr Thermodynamik
CallinstraBe 36 BoltzmannstraBe 15
30167 Hannover, Germany 85748 Garching, Germany
Editors
Dr.-Ing. MarkusLehner
Rauschert Verfahrenstechnik
Pa ul-Rauschert- StraBe 6
96349 Steinwiesen, Germany
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Mewes
Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik
U niversităt Hannover
CallinstraBe 36
30167 Hannover, Germany
ISBN 978-3-642-63620-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP -Einheitsaufnahme
Applied optical measurements / Markus Lehner ; Dieter Mewes (ed.). Assisted by Udo
Dinglreiter and Robert Tauscher. -Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong;
London ; Milan ; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1999
(International series in heat and mass transfer)
ISBN 978-3-642-63620-2 ISBN 978-3-642-58496-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58496-1
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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under German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by editors
Production: ProduServ GmbH, Berlin; Cover design: de'blik, Berlin
SPIN:10706674 61/3020-543210 -Printed on acid -free paper
Dedicated to
Professor Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Franz Mayinger
ProfessorFranz Mayinger
Preface
With the rapid development of computer-aided data processing in the past few
decades,the applicationofopticalmeasurementtechniques has becomeevermore
important. Experimental work today in the fields ofheat and mass transfer, fluid
dynamics and combustion relies on these methods. Theiradvantages are obvious:
optical techniques are non-intrusive, so data are obtained without disturbing the
process to be investigated. Measurements are performed directly - in situ - so
errors caused by changes in properties, for example, are avoided. Additionally,
many optical techniques permit on-line measurements, give detailed insight into
thermodynamic and fluid dynamic situations with high local and temporal
resolution, orprovide information inthreedimensions.
Besides a profoundknowledge ofthe theoretical fundamentals involved, using
these techniques requires practical experience. The development of new
applications for optical techniques can involve combining different methods,
using new evaluation algorithms or applying well-known methods to new fields.
Thisbookprovidesacompilationofcontributionsrelatedto opticalmeasurements
in the fields of heat and mass transfer, multiphase flow and combustion
phenomena. Attention is mainly directed to engineering applications in order to
give the reader an impression ofthe possibilities ofthese methods beyond mere
theoretical fundamentals. This book discusses both the variety of application
fields and the diversity of optical methods available. Thus, it should become a
useful addition to the various treatises on the fundamentals of optical
measurements1.
The reader will find that some articles in the book do not deal directly with
optical measurementtechniques. These articles frequently give a summary ofthe
state-of-science of an investigated subject or introduce other "conventional"
measurement techniques. These methods continue to play an important role and
maybeausefulalternativeoradditiontoopticalmeasurement.
Everyone involved in experimental research knows that time and money are
limited, and that laboratory results mustfrequently be scaledup to work in larger
plants. Onlythe combination ofexperimental work and theoretical study can lead
to the success desired. This issue is considered in a sophisticated way in an
epilogue which forms a valuable addition to the optical techniques introduced
previously.
I Theeditorshighlyrecommend:Mayinger,F(ed)(1994)OpticalMeasurements.Techniques
andApplications.Springer,Berlin.
x
The editors gratefully acknowledge the contributions ofall the authors, most of
whom are internationally recognised experts in their respective fields. The high
technical quality of this monograph owes much to their efforts. We cordially
thank Dr. Hubertus von Riedesel and Mrs. Erdmuthe Raufelder of Springer
Science Publishers, Heidelberg, for their lively interest in completing this book
andforalltheyhavedoneto bringthis projecton its way.
The development and application of optical measurement techniques is
inseparably linked to the efforts of Professor Franz Mayinger. His personality
unites an outstanding knowledge in engineering science, an inexhaustible activity
and the ability to thinkand to work interdisciplinary and interdependently. Under
his supervision generations of students and doctorate candidates were and are
leadedtoscientific,butparticularlytosuccessfulthinkingandworking.
This book is published on the occasion ofthe retirement of Professor Franz
Mayinger. The editors and the authors dedicate this book and their contributions
tothis outstandingscientistwhostands in along and fabulous tradition as headof
the "Lehrstuhl A fur Thermodynamik" at the Technical University of Munich
(1981-1999), a department that was headed by Wilhelm Nusselt, Ernst Schmidt
and Ulrich Grigull before him. FranzMayinger has earned numerous awards and
honours for his professional contributions. Among other distinctions he was
honoured by the very prestigious Max-Jacob-Memorial Award of ASME and
AIChEandthe honorary doctortitle ofthe UniversityofHannover, the university
where he began his university career as professor ofprocess engineering (1969
1981).
Professor Mayinger has done more than develop the scientific methods which
form the basisofthis book. His interpersonal skills have been as invaluable as his
technical and scientific abilities in solving organisational and managerial
problems and in contributing to society. A colleague who has known him for
decades, Novak Zuber, has underlined this point. "I would express most
succinctly, if1may, this duality in his nature, by simply stating, that Franz is,
indeed,einechterMEISTERinaffairsscientificaswellasaffairsdiplomatic."
Finally,wewouldliketoexpressourthanksfor allthatProfessorMayingerhas
done through his continued interest and leadership to encourage new generations
to embrace and extend the rich combination of scientific tradition and social
heritage that has punctuated his own work. On behalfofhis friends, partners and
colleagues,wewish him welI.
MunichandHannover, September 1999
Editors AssociateEditors
MarkusLehner Udo Dinglreiter
DieterMewes RobertTauscher
List of Contributors
Bergles,ArthurE.
ProfessorEmeritus,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute
Troy,NY 12180-3590,USA
Buchmann,Mathias
Dipl.-Ing.,InstitutfUrVerfahrenstechnik,UniversitatHannover
30167Hannover,Germany
Catton,Ivan
Professor,MechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringDept.,UniversityofCalifornia
LosAngeles,CA90095-1597,USA
Cao,Liping
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMiami
CoralGables,FL33124-0624,USA
Celata,GianPiero
Dr.,Director,ENEAEnergyDepartment
00060 SantaMariaGaleria,Rome,Italy
Chang,Yuan-Jen
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity
Taipei 106,Taiwan
Chen,JohnC.
Professor,InstituteofThermo-FluidEngineeringandScience,LehighUniversity
Bethlehem,PA 18015-4791,USA
Chen,Yau-Ming
Professor,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity
Taipei 106,Taiwan
Cornaro,Cristina
Dr.,DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanica,UniversitidiRomaTorVergata
00133 Rome, Italy
XII
Cumo,Maurizio
Professor,UniversityofRome LaSapienza
00100Rome, Italy
Durst,Franz
Professor,Lehrstuhl fUrStromungsmechanik,UniversitatErlangen-Niimberg
91058 Erlangen,Germany
Eder,Andreas
Dipl.-Ing.,LehrstuhlA fUrThermodynamik,TechnischeUniversitatMiinchen
85747Garching,Germany
Feldmann,Oliver
Dipl.-Ing.,LehrstuhlA fUrThermodynamik,TechnischeUniversitatMiinchen
85747 Garching, Germany
Fiebig,Martin
Professor,InstitutfUrThermo- undFluiddynamik,Ruhr-UniversitatBochum
44780Bochum,Germany
Fleischer,Amy S.
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota
Minneapolis,MN55455,USA
FU,Feng
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofFlorida
Gainesville,FL32611,USA
Ganzevles,FrankL. A.
EindhovenUniversityofTechnology
5600MBEindhoven,TheNetherlands
Goldstein,Richard1.
P.rofessor,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota
Minneapolis,MN55455,USA
Hahne,Erich
Professor,InstitutfUrThermodynamikundWarmetechnik,UniversitatStuttgart
70550 Stuttgart, Germany
Hetsroni, Gad
Professor,FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,Technion- IsraelInstituteof
Technology
Haifa32000,Israel
