Table Of Content(cid:2)
AppliedNanoindentationinAdvancedMaterials
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Applied Nanoindentation in Advanced Materials
Editedby
AtulTiwari
UniversityofHawaiiatManoa
Honolulu,USA
and
FloraCoatings,CenterforEntrepreneurialInnovations,
(cid:2) (cid:2)
Phoenix,AZ,USA
SridharNatarajan
ChiefMedicalExaminer/Director,LubbockCountyMedical
Examiner’sOffice,Lubbock,Texas,USA
and
Colonel,MedicalCorp,UnitedStatesArmyReserves
(Retired)andformerUnitedStatedNavyNuclear
SubmarineOfficerGoldDolphinInsignia
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Tiwari,Atul,editor,Natarajan,Sridhar,editor.
Title:Appliednanoindentationinadvancedmaterials/editedbyAtulTiwari,SridharNatarajan
Description:Chichester,UK;Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2017.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016054038(print)|LCCN2017006539(ebook)|ISBN
9781119084495(cloth)|ISBN9781119084525(pdf)|ISBN9781119084518
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Materials–Testing.|Nanotechnology.|Nanostructured
materials–Formability.
Classification:LCCTA410.A6752017(print)|LCCTA410(ebook)|DDC
620.1/153–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016054038
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImages:(insetimages)©GeorgyShafeev/Shutterstock;
(insetmiddleimage)courtesyofAtulTiwari;
(background)©OzerinaAnna/Shutterstock
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
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v
Contents
ListofContributors xvii
Preface xxiii
PartI 1
1 DeterminationofResidualStressesbyNanoindentation 3
P-L.Larsson
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 TheoreticalBackground 5
(cid:2) 1.3 DeterminationofResidualStresses 12 (cid:2)
1.3.1 LowHardeningMaterialsandEqui-biaxialStresses 12
1.3.2 GeneralResidualStresses 13
1.3.3 Strain-hardeningEffects 15
1.3.4 ConclusionsandRemarks 15
References 16
2 NanomechanicalCharacterizationofCarbonFilms 19
BenD.BeakeandTomaszW.Liskiewicz
2.1 Introduction 19
2.1.1 TypesofDLCCoatingsandtheirMechanicalProperties 19
2.1.2 CarbonFilmsProcessingMethods 20
2.1.3 ResidualStressesinCarbonFilms 21
2.1.4 FrictionPropertiesofCarbonFilms 22
2.1.5 MultilayeringStrategies 23
2.1.6 ApplicationsofCarbonFilms 24
2.1.7 Optimization/testingChallenges 24
2.2 FactorsInfluencingReliableandComparableHardnessandElasticModulus
Determination 24
2.2.1 TheInternationalStandardforDepth-sensingIndentation:ENISO14577–4:
2007 24
2.2.2 ChallengesinUltra-thinFilms 27
2.2.3 IndenterGeometry 28
2.2.4 SurfaceRoughness 28
2.3 DeformationinIndentationContact 30
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vi Contents
2.3.1 TheRelationshipBetweenH/EandPlasticandElasticWorkin
Nanoindentation 30
2.3.2 VariationinH/EandPlasticityIndexforDifferentDLCFilms 31
2.3.3 CrackingandDelamination 32
2.3.4 CoatingsonSi:SiPhaseTransformation 33
2.4 Nano-scratchTesting 34
2.4.1 ScanSpeedandLoadingRate 35
2.4.2 InfluenceofProbeRadius 36
2.4.3 ContactPressure 36
2.4.4 RoleoftheSiSubstrateinNano-scratchTesting 38
2.4.5 FailureBehaviourofta-ConSi 40
2.4.6 FilmStressandThickness 43
2.4.7 RepetitiveNano-wearbyMulti-passNano-scratchTests 44
2.4.8 LoadDependenceofFriction 46
2.5 ImpactandFatigueResistanceofDLCFilmsUsingNano-impactTesting 46
2.5.1 CompositionallyGradeda-Canda-C:HCoatingsonM42ToolSteel 49
2.5.2 DLC/CrCoatingonSteel 51
2.5.3 PACVDa-C:HCoatingsonM2Steel 51
2.5.4 DLCFilmsonSi-filmThickness,ProbeGeometry,ImpactForceand
InterfacialToughness 52
2.6 WearResistanceofAmorphousCarbonFilmsUsingNano-fretting
Testing 54
(cid:2) 2.6.1 Nano-fretting:State-of-the-art 55 (cid:2)
2.6.2 Nano-frettingofThinDLCFilmsonSi 55
2.6.3 Nano-frettingofDLCCoatingsonSteel 57
2.7 Conclusion 58
References 59
3 MechanicalEvaluationofNanocoatingsunderExtremeEnvironments
forApplicationinEnergySystems 69
E.J.Rubio,G.Martinez,S.K.Gullapalli,M.Noor-A-AlamandC.V.Ramana
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 ThermalBarrierCoatings 70
3.2.1 NanoindentationCharacterizationofTBCs 72
3.2.2 MechanicalPropertiesofHafnium-basedTBCs 74
3.3 NanoindentationEvaluationofCoatingsforNuclearPowerGeneration
Applications 76
3.3.1 EvaluationofW-basedMaterialsforNuclearApplication 77
3.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 80
Acknowledgments 81
References 81
4 EvaluationoftheNanotribologicalPropertiesofThinFilms 83
ShojiroMiyakeandMeiWang
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 EvaluationMethodsofNanotribology 83
4.3 NanotribologyEvaluationMethodsandExamples 84
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Contents vii
4.3.1 NanoindentationEvaluation 84
4.3.2 NanowearandFrictionEvaluation 88
4.3.2.1 NanowearProperties 89
4.3.2.2 FrictionalPropertieswithDifferentLubricants 91
4.3.2.3 NanowearandFrictionalProperties,Evaluatedwithandwithout
Vibrations 95
4.3.3 EvaluationoftheForceModulation 98
4.3.4 EvaluationoftheMechanicalandOtherPhysicalProperties 102
4.4 Conclusions 108
References 108
5 NanoindentationonTribologicalCoatings 111
FranciscoJ.G.Silva
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 RelevantPropertiesonCoatingsforTribologicalApplications 116
5.3 HowcanNanoindentationHelpResearcherstoCharacterizeCoatings? 116
5.3.1 ThinCoatingsNanoindentationProcedures 118
5.3.2 HardnessDetermination 120
5.3.3 Young’sModulusDetermination 123
5.3.4 TensilePropertiesDetermination 124
5.3.5 FractureToughnessinThinFilms 125
5.3.6 CoatingsAdhesionAnalysis 126
(cid:2) 5.3.7 StiffnessandOtherMechanicalProperties 127 (cid:2)
5.3.8 SimulationandModelsAppliedtoNanoindentation 128
References 129
6 NanoindentationofMacro-porousMaterialsforElasticModulusand
HardnessDetermination 135
ZhangweiChen
6.1 Introduction 135
6.1.1 NanoindentationFundamentalsforDenseMaterials 135
6.1.2 IntroductiontoPorousMaterials 137
6.1.3 StudiesofElasticPropertiesofPorousMaterials 138
6.2 NanoindentationofMacro-porousBulkCeramics 140
6.3 NanoindentationofBoneMaterials 143
6.4 NanoindentationofMacro-porousFilms 144
6.4.1 SubstrateEffect 145
6.4.2 DensificationEffect 147
6.4.3 SurfaceRoughnessEffect 149
6.5 ConcludingRemarks 151
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
7 NanoindentationAppliedtoDCPlasmaNitridedParts 157
SilvioFranciscoBrunattoandCarlosMaurícioLepienski
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 BasicAspectsofDCPlasmaNitridedParts 160
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viii Contents
7.2.1 ThePotentialDistributionforanAbnormalGlowDischarge 160
7.2.2 Plasma-surfaceInteractioninCathodeSurface 161
7.2.3 ElectricalConfigurationModesinDCPlasmaNitriding 162
7.3 BasicAspectsofNanoindentationinNitridedSurfaces 163
7.4 ExamplesofNanoindentationAppliedtoDCPlasmaNitridedParts 167
7.4.1 MechanicalPolishing:NanoindentationinNiobium 169
7.4.2 SurfaceRoughness:NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitridedParts 170
7.4.2.1 NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitridedNiobium 170
7.4.2.2 NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitridedTitanium 174
7.4.2.3 NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitridedMartensiticStainlessSteel 175
7.4.3 Nitrogen-concentrationGradients:NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitrided
ToolSteel 176
7.4.4 CrystallographicOrientation:NanoindentationinDCPlasmaNitrided
AusteniticStainlessSteels 177
7.5 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 179
References 179
8 NanomechanicalPropertiesofDefectiveSurfaces 183
OscarRodríguezdelaFuente
8.1 Introduction 183
8.1.1 TheRoleofSurfaceDefectsinPlasticity 183
(cid:2) 8.1.2 ExperimentalTechniquesforVisualizationandGenerationofSurface (cid:2)
Defects 184
8.1.3 ApproachestoStudyandProbeNanomechanicalProperties 185
8.2 HomogeneousandHeterogeneousDislocationNucleation 186
8.2.1 HomogeneousDislocationNucleation 186
8.2.2 HeterogeneousDislocationNucleation 188
8.3 SurfaceSteps 190
8.3.1 StudiesonSurfaceSteps 191
8.4 SubsurfaceDefects 194
8.4.1 Sub-surfaceVacancies 195
8.4.2 Sub-surfaceImpuritiesandDislocations 195
8.5 RoughSurfaces 197
8.6 Conclusions 200
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
9 ViscoelasticandTribologicalBehaviorofAl O ReinforcedToughened
2 3
EpoxyHybridNanocomposites 205
MandhakiniMohandasandAlagarMuthukaruppan
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Experimental 206
9.2.1 Materials 206
9.2.2 FTIRAnalysis 208
9.2.3 ResultsandDiscussion 209
9.2.3.1 ViscoeleasticProperties 210
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Contents ix
9.2.3.2 HardnessandModulusbyNanoindentation 214
9.3 Conclusion 219
References 220
10 NanoindentationofHybridFoams 223
AnneJung,ZhaoyuChenandStefanDiebels
10.1 Introduction 223
10.1.1 Motivation 223
10.1.2 StateoftheartofNanoindentationofMetalandMetalFoam 226
10.2 SampleMaterialandPreparation 230
10.2.1 AlMaterialandCoatingProcess 230
10.2.2 SamplePreparationforNanoindentation 231
10.3 NanoindentationExperiments 232
10.3.1 ExperimentalSetup 232
10.3.2 ResultsandDiscussion 232
10.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 239
Acknowledgements 240
References 240
11 AFM-basedNanoindentationofCellulosicFibers 247
ChristianGanserandChristianTeichert
11.1 Introduction 247
(cid:2) 11.2 Experimental 248 (cid:2)
11.2.1 AFMInstrumentation 248
11.2.2 AFM-basedNanoindentation 250
11.2.3 ComparisonwithResultsofClassicalNI 255
11.2.4 SamplePreparation 256
11.3 MechanicalPropertiesofCelluloseFibers 257
11.3.1 PulpFibers 257
11.3.2 SwollenViscoseFibers 259
11.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 265
Acknowledgments 265
References 266
12 EvaluationofMechanicalandTribologicalPropertiesofCoatingsfor
StainlessSteel 269
A.Mina,J.C.Caicedo,W.Aperador,M.MozafariandH.H.Caicedo
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 ExperimentalDetails 270
12.3 ResultsandDiscussion 271
12.3.1 CrystalLatticeArrangementofβ-TCP/ChCoatings 271
12.3.2 SurfaceCoatingAnalysis 272
12.3.3 MorphologicalAnalysisoftheβ-TCP-ChCoatings 274
12.3.4 MechanicalProperties 276
12.3.5 TribologicalProperties 279
12.3.6 SurfaceWearAnalysis 280
12.3.7 AdhesionBehaviour 281
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12.4 Conclusions 283
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
13 NanoindentationinMetallicGlasses 287
VahidNekouie,AnishRoyandVadimV.Silberschmidt
13.1 Introduction 287
13.1.1 Motivation 287
13.1.2 NanoindentationStudiesofMetallicGlasses 288
13.1.2.1 Pile-upandSink-in 291
13.1.2.2 IndentationSizeEffect 293
13.2 ExperimentalStudies 296
13.2.1 NanoTestPlatformIIIIndentationSystem 296
13.2.2 Calibration 297
13.2.2.1 FrameCompliance 298
13.2.2.2 Cross-hairCalibration 298
13.2.2.3 IndenterAreaFunction 298
13.2.3 ExperimentalProcedure 301
13.2.4 ResultsandDiscussion 301
13.3 Conclusions 307
References 308
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PartII 313
14 MolecularDynamicsModelingofNanoindentation 315
C.J.Ruestes,E.M.Bringa,Y.GaoandH.M.Urbassek
14.1 Introduction 315
14.2 Methods 316
14.2.1 TheIndentationTip 318
14.2.2 ControlMethodsUsedinExperimentandinMDSimulations 319
14.2.3 PenetrationRate 320
14.3 InteratomicPotentials 321
14.3.1 ElasticConstants 321
14.3.2 GeneralizedStackingFaultEnergies 322
14.4 ElasticRegime 324
14.5 TheOnsetofPlasticity 325
14.5.1 EvolutionoftheDislocationNetwork 325
14.5.2 ContactAreaandHardness 327
14.5.3 IndentationRateEffect 328
14.5.4 TipDiameterEffect 329
14.6 ThePlasticZone:DislocationActivity 329
14.6.1 Face-centeredCubicMetals 329
14.6.2 Body-centeredCubicMetals 330
14.6.3 QuantificationofDislocationLengthandDensity 331
14.6.4 Pile-up 333
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14.6.5 Geometrically-necessaryDislocationsandtheIdentificationofIntrinsic
Length-scalesfromHardnessSimulations 334
14.7 Outlook 336
Acknowledgements 337
References 337
15 ContinuumModellingandSimulationofIndentationinTransparent
SingleCrystallineMineralsandEnergeticSolids 347
J.D.Clayton,B.B.Aydelotte,R.Becker,C.D.HiltonandJ.Knap
15.1 Introduction 347
15.2 Theory:MaterialModelling 349
15.2.1 GeneralMulti-fieldContinuumTheory 349
15.2.2 CrystalPlasticityTheory 350
15.2.3 PhaseFieldTheoryforTwinning 351
15.3 Application:IndentationofRDXSingleCrystals 352
15.3.1 ReviewofPriorWork 353
15.3.2 NewResultsandAnalysis 354
15.4 Application:IndentationofCalciteSingleCrystals 356
15.4.1 ReviewofPriorWork 359
15.4.2 NewResultsandAnalysis 361
15.5 Conclusions 364
Acknowledgements 365
(cid:2) References 365 (cid:2)
16 NanoindentationModeling:FromFiniteElementtoAtomistic
Simulations 369
DanielEsqué-delosOjosandJordiSort
16.1 Introduction 369
16.2 ScalingandDimensionalAnalysisAppliedtoIndentationModelling 370
16.2.1 GeometricalSimilarityofIndenterTips 370
16.2.2 DimensionalAnalysis 371
16.2.3 DimensionalAnalysisAppliedtoExtractionofMechanicalProperties 372
16.3 FiniteElementSimulationsofAdvancedMaterials 374
16.3.1 NanocrystallinePorousMaterialsandPressure-sensitiveModels 375
16.3.2 FiniteElementSimulationsof1DStructures:Nanowires 378
16.3.3 ContinuumCrystalPlasticityFiniteElementSimulations:Nanoindentationof
ThinSolidFilms 380
16.4 NucleationandInteractionofDislocationsDuringSingleCrystal
Nanoindentaion:AtomisticSimulations 383
16.4.1 DislocationDynamicsSimulations 383
16.4.2 MolecularDynamicsSimulations 385
References 386
17 NanoindentationinsilicoofBiologicalParticles 393
OlgaKononova,KennethA.MarxandValeriBarsegov
17.1 Introduction 393
17.2 ComputationalMethodologyofNanoindentationinsilico 395
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