Applied Limnology: Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake

216 Pages·2014·10.713 MB·English

by  Mohammadreza Gharibreza, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf (auth.)

Mohammadreza Gharibreza
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
Applied
Limnology
Comprehensive View
from Watershed to Lake
Applied Limnology

Mohammadreza Gharibreza
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
Applied Limnology
Comprehensive View from Watershed to Lake
MohammadrezaGharibreza MuhammadAqeelAshraf
SoilConservationandWatershed DepartmentofGeology
ManagementResearchInstitute UniversityofMalaya
Tehran,Iran KualaLumpur,Malaysia
ISBN978-4-431-54979-6 ISBN978-4-431-54980-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54980-2
SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014939876
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ThisBookissincerelydedicatedtomyfamily.
Their support, encouragement, and constant
assistance have sustained me throughout
my life

Preface
Asanauthor,IamproudtointroduceAppliedLimnology,whichaddressesanew,
comprehensive method of studying lake systems from watershed to open waters.
Thisbookopensupanewviewoflimnologyforresearchersanddecisionmakersto
consideroveralllanduseacrossthecatchmenttofindtherealissuesinwhichlakes
areinvolved.Recently,severalissuesconcerninglakeshavebeenencounteredsuch
as pollution of natural resources, shoaling, eutrophication, coastal changes, and
reduction of water sources around the world. Human activities have contributed
most in recent issues which are exacerbated by natural factors such as climate
change. There are conservation and land development approaches in terms of
integratedlakemanagementandmitigationoftheenvironmentalimpactofrecent
land development projects in catchment areas. This book is remarkable for
highlighting a method in which issues are completely investigated and a natural
resourcemanagementplanispresentedwithaconservationapproach.
AppliedLimnologyhasasimpleoutlineofsixchapters.Chapter1givesabrief
introductiontoanoverallviewofBeraLakeandissuesthatinvolveit.Chapter2is
dividedintotwosections,catchmentareasandlakecharacteristics.Physiographic
particulates,geologicalsettings,stratigraphy,structuralgeology,climatology,and
land use are introduced in the catchment section. Lake specification comprises
hydrology,bathymetry,waterquality,andphysicalpropertiesofsedimentsinBera
Lake.InChap.3theemphasisisonshoalingasoneofthemainissuesofBeraLake,
whichwasinvestigatedbyusing210Pband137Csradioisotopes.Thebookhighlights
the capability of this method in a tropical lake to estimate sedimentation rate.
Severe soil erosion and nutrient loss is another issue that plays an important role
indevastatingnaturalresourcesofwetlandsandopenwaters.Chapter4presentsthe
applicationofradiocesiuminestimationofsoillossinatropicalareathatisfarfrom
a source of 137Cs emission. In addition, the contribution of land development
projects in the soil redistribution rate is highlighted in Chap. 4. Chapter 5 deals
with contamination of sediments and several models that evaluate ecological risk
assessment.Applicationofmodelsofriskassessmentandofdatingofsedimentage
is a novel feature of this book that reveals the contribution of land development
phasesinpollutionofBeraLake.Anothercontributiontoknowledgeisprovidedin
vii
viii Preface
thisbook,namely,thatthenaturalbackgroundlevelofseveralheavymineralshas
been calculated for further investigation. Emphasis on the watershed and lake
management plan is presented in Chap. 6. I believe that applied limnology must
involve management practices toconserve natural resources.Therefore,this book
has included a management plan that shows how limnology comprehensively
applied will perform and how legislation and a decision support system will be
established.
IamhighlyappreciativeofDr.MuhammadAqeelAshrafforhispartnershipin
most phases of the research project and for his great guidance and help in editing
andprovidinganopportunitytoreleasethisbook,AppliedLimnology.Iattributethe
publication of this book to his encouragement and effort; without him the book
wouldnothavebeencompleted.
I express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. John Kuna Raj, Dr. Ismail Yusoff,
Dr.ZainudinOthman,andDr.WanZakariaWanMuhamadTahir,whoseencour-
agementandsupportenabledmetocarryoutthismultidisciplinaryresearchproject
andtowritethisbook.GreatacknowledgmentgoestoDr.DessWalling,professor
at Exeter University,UK,for his valuableadvice on choosing a suitable modelto
estimatesoilerosionatthestudyarea.IoffersinceregratitudetoDr.PeterAppleby,
professor at Liverpool University, UK, for his great advice and geochronology
calculation model to determine the sedimentation rate in Bera Lake. Gratitude is
alsoexpressedtoDr.LeeKhengHengandDr.LionelMabitandtheIAEAstafffor
theirvaluablehelpinprovidingsoilerosionconversionmodels.
I gratefully acknowledge the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management
ResearchInstitute,Iran,andtheInstituteofResearchManagementandMonitoring
(IPPP),UniversityofMalaya,fortheirvaluableexecutiveandfinancialsupportto
accomplishthismission.IamindebtedtomymanycolleaguesintheSoilConser-
vation and Watershed Management Research Institute for their contributions in
officialanddepartmentalsupport.
I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents and my brothers, who gave me
financial and moral support. I also offer sincerest heartfelt acknowledgment to
my family members, especially to my wife, Mahboubeh Hadadfard, and to my
daughters, Zahra, Roghayeh, and Sara, whose encouragement, assistance, and
supportfromthebeginningtotheconclusionenabledmetoaccomplishthisproject.
Tehran,Iran MohammadrezaGharibreza
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 WhatThisBookIsAbout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 AnIntroductionofBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 WhatProblemsThatBeraLakeIsInvolved?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 OverviewofAppliedLimnologyinBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 BeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 CatchmentArea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.1 PhysiographicParticulars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.2 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 Climatology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.4 LandUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 LakeCharacteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.1 Hydrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.2 Bathymetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.3 WaterQuality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.4 PhysicalPropertiesofBeraLakeSediment. . . . . . . . . . . 50
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3 SedimentationRateinBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2 Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.1 TheConstantRateofSupplyCRSModel. . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.2 TheConstantInitialConcentrationCICModel. . . . . . . . 68
3.2.3 TheLimitationofModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.4 Sampling. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 72
3.2.5 SamplePreparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.6 RadioisotopesAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3 210Pband137CsInventoriesand210PbFlux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.4 SedimentationRateattheSouthofBeraLake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
ix