Table Of ContentAPPLIED
ECOTOXICOLOGV
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
APPLIED
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Jörg Römbke
Johann F. Moltmann
@)
CRCpress
c8l
Taylor & F rancis G roup
Soca Raton London New Y ork
CRC Press is an imprint 0 1 the
Taylor &: Francis Group, an informa b usiness
Library of Congress Cataloglng-ln·PubUcatlon Data
Rombke, J&g.
Applied ecotoxicology I J&g Rl!mbke, Johann F. Moltmann.
p. em.
Includes bibliogmphicnl references and index.
ISBN 0-56670-070-1 (alk. paper)
I. Pollution--Environmental aspects. I. Moltmann, Johann Felix, 1954- II. Title.
QH545.AIR65 1995
363.7-dc20 95-41713
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of
references are listed. Reasonable effons have been made to publish reliable data and infonnntion,
but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or
for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any pan may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means.
electronic or mcchanicnl, including photocopying. microfilming. and recording, or by any infor
mation storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC docs not extend to copying for general distribution, for
promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing
from CRC Press LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd.• N.W., Boca Raton, Aorida
33431.
© 1995 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 0-56670-070-1
Library of Congress Card Number 95-41713
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank the many friends and colleagues who have encouraged and
assisted us in putting this book together. In particular, we thank the editor, J.
Lewis, for his patience and suggestions; D. L. Jones for doing the difficult job
of translating the German version into English; H.-J. SchallnaB who has drawn
many of the figures on PC, as well as T. Knacker, C. Bauer and L. Beck, who
were always prepared to discuss the matter with us. For the earlier GTZ version
of the text we have received many helpful comments, in particular from F.
Heimbach, A. Marschner, K. Mathes and W. Miicke. On behalfof the Deutsche
Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), which has provided fi
nancial support for this book, we thank the project managers involved, S. Krall
and G. Vaagt, for their inputs. And last but not least, our long-suffering wives,
Gerti Pfaff-Rombke and Beate Brehmer, as well as our children, deserve most
of our thanks for putting up with our preoccupation on evenings and weekends
while we were working on this project.
The Deutsche Gesellschaft filr Technische Zusarnmenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH is a federal
corporation with a development-policy mission: to improve the fundamentals of human
existence in the South and East and to stabilize the natural conditions for life. The GTZ
operates within the scope of the development policy formulated by its owner, the
German Federal Government. It was set up in 1975 as an instrument to implement
development cooperation and as such concluded a general agreement with the German
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) under which it
was assigned responsibility for implementing technical cooperation activities. It also
supports development and reform processes on behalf of other German government
departments as well as partner-country governments and international organizations.
The GTZ performs its tasks on a public-benefit basis. Any surpluses obtained are used
exclusively for development-related purposes.
Promoting development and reform processes
Technical cooperation is designed to raise the performance capability ofmanpower and
organizations in partner countries by developing and mobilizing skills and expertise or
improving the conditions for their use. It aims to strengthen individual initiative in these
countries, enabling people to improve their living conditions through their own efforts.
In many cases this means first taking steops to prevent conditions from deteriorating
further. Where acute need jeopardizes human survival, the GTZ responds with pro
grams to provide emergency relief and assist refugees. Even short-term relief measures,
however, are designed to enhance the potential for self-help.
The GTZ operates in more than 120countries, with experts and management person
nel working in projects, project administration services and project service offices. It
has threee decades of experience in tailoring problem solutions to the specific condi
tions in partner countries.
GTZ services include:
• providing advice to organizations in partner countries on the planning implementa
tion and assessment of their projects and programs;
• selecting, preparing and assigning expert persoMel and attending to their profes
sional and personal welfare during their period of assignment;
• plaMing and implementing project-oriented training and upgrading measures;
• specification planning and procurement of materials and equipment for the projects;
• granting and dispersing non-repayable financial contributions from Technical Coop
eration funds.
Wordwide cooperation
The GTZ joins forces with partner countries to design project concepts and measures
that draw upon both local knowledge and Western expertise tailored to the needs of the
situation. The emphasis is on combining regional, sector-specific, commercial and
logistical know-how. The GTZ works closely with other national and international
organizations engaged in development cooperation activities. It also avails itself of the
entire spectrum ofknow-how available within the private sector and professional public
institutions, both in the Federal Republic of Germany and abroad, wherever and to the
extent that this appears expedient and cost-effective. The GTZ thus brings together
contributions by various project participants so as to achieve optimal results.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Examples of structural and functional characteristics at the vari
ous levels of biological systems.
Table 4.1: Classification of the environment by medium and compartment.
Table 4.2: Classification of terrestrial ecosystem types (from SCHUBERT,
1991). Main types are classified according to climatic zones.
They are further classified by soil characteristics, altitude and
anthropogenous influence.
Table 4.3: Division of the aquatic medium into zones.
Table 4.4: Stages in the life cycle of a pesticide: Overview of production
aspects, risks of pesticide application, and disposal.
Table 5.1: Classification of pesticides by target organism (adapted from
WARE, 1986).
Table 5.2: Classification of pesticides by mode of action and effect type
(adapted from WARE, 1986).
Table 5.3: Classification ofpesticides by type of formulation (adapted from
WARE, 1986).
Table 5.4: Classification of the main chemical classes ofpesticides (adapted
from WARE, 1986).
Table 5.5: World crop protection market (in percentages of DM 36.5 bil
lion) by region and product category (FONDS, 1993).
Table 5.6: Level of pesticide use for the ten most important crops in 1990
(FONDS, 1993).
Table 6.1: List of potential assessment and measurement endpoints used in
ecotoxicology (adapted from SUTER (1989) and KAPUSTKA
& REPORTER (1993)).
Table 6.2: Definition of effect tests used in the laboratory.
Table 6.3: Key measurement parameters in laboratory effect tests.
Table 6.4: Definition of bioaccumulation parameters.
Table 7.1: Scheme of a tiered test program.
Table 7.2: Examples of a tiered procedure for a fate test (leaching) and an
effect test (toxicity in earthworms).
Table 7.3: Extrapolation of test results: Inherent uncertainties at various
levels of investigation.
Table 8.1: Examples of environmental fate test methods.
Table 8.2: Overview of the most important biodegradation tests.
Table 8.3: Major effect tests for the limnic compartment.
Table 8.4: Recommended test procedures for the establishment of water
quality criteria in the United States (STEPHAN et al., 1985).
Table 8.5: Major effect tests for the terrestrial medium.
Table 9.1: Classification of various semi-field tests.
Table 11.1: Historical overview of pesticide policy in the United States.
Table 11.2: Ecotoxicological requirements from the EU Pesticide Registra-
tion Directive 911414, mainly Annex II Part A (7 and 8) (slightly
abridged).
Table 11.3: Need for further ecotoxicological research within the pesticide
registration process.
Table 12.1: Assessment classes of results from tests with beneficial organ
isms (data in comparison to an untreated control).
Table 12.2: Overview of various safety factors depending on the origin or
quality of the data (based on various sources).
Table 12.3: Safety factors based on the AHA database (ECETOC, 1993).
Table 13.1: Recommendations for ecotoxicological research in the tropics.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: "The tip of the iceberg" syndrome (with permission from K.
van de Guchte, Lelystad, The Netherlands). A limited set of
parameters can be used to assess the environmental hazard
potential as a whole. Measurement of additional parameters
indicates whether this assessment is valid or not. If not, addi
tional parameters should be incorporated in the decision-mak
ing framework to enable adequate remediation.
Figure 3.1: Biological levels of organization. The dimensions of time and
space are less important for the investigation up to the levels of
populations and biocoenoses.
Figure 3.2: Classification of the biological and ecological subdisciplines in
a system of coordinates based on the levels of organization of
biological systems and the three approaches to ecology. Toxi
cology focuses primarily on phenomena at the lower levels of
organization, whereas classical ecology deals with those on a
larger scale. Ecotoxicology comes between the two, integrating
aspects of both disciplines.
Figure 4.1: Metabolic cycles and energy flow in an idealized ecosystem
(from SCHUBERT, l991b).
Figure 4.2: The fate and possible dispersion of a chemical in the aquatic
medium.
Figure 4.3: The fate and possible dispersion of a chemical in the terrestrial
medium.
Figure 4.4: Schematic overview on litter degradation and the role of soil
organisms (adapted from BECK, 1993).
Figure 4.5: Average length of individual animals from different soil animal
=
groups, belonging to three trophic groups: rna macrosapro
= =
and macrophytophagous, mi microphytophagous, zo zoopha
gous (including necrophagous) (BECK, 1993).
