Applications of Time-of-Flight and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry in Environmental, Food, Doping, and Forensic Analysis

496 Pages·2016·21.704 MB·English

by  Sandra Pérez, Peter Eichhorn and Dami`Barceló (Eds.)

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 71
Applications of Time-of-Flight and
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry in
Environmental, Food, Doping, and
Forensic Analysis
Advisory Board
JosephA.Caruso
UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH,USA
HendrikEmons
JointResearch Centre,Geel,Belgium
GaryHieftje
IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN, USA
KiyokatsuJinno
ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
UweKarst
UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany
Gyro¨gyMarko-Varga
AstraZeneca, Lund,Sweden
JanuszPawliszyn
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ont.,Canada
SusanRichardson
USEnvironmentalProtection Agency,Athens,GA,USA
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 71
Applications of Time-of-
Flight and Orbitrap Mass
Spectrometry in
Environmental, Food,
Doping, and Forensic
Analysis
Edited by
Sandra Pe´rez
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Peter Eichhorn
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
Damia` Barcelo´
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
AMSTERDAMlBOSTONl HEIDELBERGlLONDON
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Contributors to Volume 71
J. Acen˜a, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
NationalResearch Council(IDAEA-CSIC),Barcelona, Spain
G. Balcells, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM); Pompeu Fabra
University,Barcelona, Spain
K. Bhavsar, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),
Punjab,India
M.Bromirski,ThermoFisherScientific, Bremen,Germany
I.Carpinteiro,UniversityofSantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain;
Universite´ deBordeaux-CNRS,Talence, France
P. Eichhorn, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
NationalResearch Council(IDAEA-CSIC),Barcelona, Spain
A.R.Ferna´ndez-Alba,UniversityofAlmer´ıa,Almer´ıa,Spain
C.Ferna´ndez-Ramos,Charles University,HradecKra´love´,Czech Republic
I.Ferrer,UniversityofColorado, Boulder,CO,UnitedStates
J.C.Fjeldsted,AgilentTechnologies, SantaClara,CA,UnitedStates
P.Gago-Ferrero,NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece
P.Gardinali,FloridaInternationalUniversity,Miami,FL,UnitedStates
X.Ge,HealthSciences Authority,Singapore
M.M.Go´mez-Ramos,UniversityofAlmer´ıa,Almer´ıa,Spain
I.Gonza´lez-Marin˜o,UniversityofSantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,
Spain;IRCCSdIstitutodiRicercheFarmacologiche“MarioNegri”,Milan,Italy
N.Heuett,FloridaInternational University,Miami,FL, UnitedStates
J. Hollender, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,
Du¨bendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics,
Zu¨rich,Switzerland
S.Jhajra,Johnson&JohnsonPrivateLimited,Mumbai,India
K.J.Jobst,OntarioMinistryoftheEnvironmentandClimateChange,Etobicoke,ON,
Canada; McMaster University,Hamilton,ON,Canada
C.-L.Kee,Health SciencesAuthority,Singapore
O.S.Keen,UniversityofNorthCarolina, Charlotte,NC,UnitedStates
M.Krauss,Helmholtz-CentreforEnvironmentalResearcheUFZ,Leipzig,Germany
xiii
xiv ContributorstoVolume71
M.K. Ladumor, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(NIPER),Punjab,India
Y.Lester,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel
M.-Y.Low,HealthSciences Authority,Singapore
A.A.Makarov,ThermoFisher Scientific,Bremen,Germany
C.P.B.Martins,ThermoFisherScientific,San Jose,CA,UnitedStates
E.Moyano,UniversityofBarcelona, Barcelona,Spain
O´. Nu´n˜ez, University of Barcelona; Serra Hu´nter Program, Generalitat de Catalunya,
Barcelona,Spain
X.Ortiz-Almirall,OntarioMinistry oftheEnvironmentandClimateChange,
Etobicoke,ON,Canada
J.A.Padilla-Sa´nchez,UniversityofAlmer´ıa,Almer´ıa,Spain
A. Patil, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),
Punjab,India
M.Pena-Abaurrea,CepsaResearchCenter,Madrid,Spain
S.Pe´rez,InstituteofEnvironmentalAssessment andWaterResearch eSpanish
NationalResearchCouncil(IDAEA-CSIC),Barcelona, Spain
C. Postigo, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research e Spanish
NationalResearchCouncil(IDAEA-CSIC),Barcelona, Spain
O.J.Pozo,HospitaldelMarMedical Research Institute(IMIM),Barcelona, Spain
B.Prasad,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,UnitedStates
C.Prasse,UC Berkeley,BerkeleyCA,UnitedStates
M.C.Prieto Conaway,ThermoFisherScientific, SanJose,CA,UnitedStates
J.B.Quintana,UniversityofSantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
Ł.Rajski,UniversityofAlmer´ıa,Almer´ıa,Spain
E.J.Reiner,OntarioMinistryoftheEnvironmentandClimateChange,Etobicoke,ON,
Canada;UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
S.D.Richardson,UniversityofSouthCarolina,Columbia,SC,UnitedStates
R.Rodil,UniversityofSantiagodeCompostela,Santiago deCompostela,Spain
I.Rodr´ıguez,UniversityofSantiago deCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela, Spain
E.L.Schymanski,Eawag:SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,
Du¨bendorf, Switzerland
R.Sero´,UniversityofBarcelona, Barcelona,Spain
S. Singh, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),
Punjab,India
T.A.Ternes,Bundesanstaltfu¨rGewa¨sserkunde(BfG),Koblenz,Germany
N.S.Thomaidis,NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece
ContributorstoVolume71 xv
E.M.Thurman,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO,UnitedStates
S. Tiwari, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),
Punjab,India
R. Ventura, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM); Pompeu Fabra
University,Barcelona, Spain
J.H.Writer,UniversityofColorado, Boulder,CO,UnitedStates
Y.Zeng,HealthSciences Authority,Singapore
Series Editor’s Preface
I am glad to introduce this new volumeon Applications ofTOFand Orbitrap
Mass Spectrometry in Environmental, Food, Doping and Forensic Analysis
editedbySandraPe´rez,PeterEichhornandmyself.Thereasonforhavingsuch
a book in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series is quite obvious: I
wasabletoconvincebothco-editorstodoit.Ishouldsayitwasnotsodifficult
toconvinceSandraandPetersinceboththeyareoldfriendsofminesincemid-
1990s.InadditionSandra,aformerPhDstudent,didapostdoctoralstayatthe
University of Buffalo, and recently she got a permanent job in my research
group.
This CAC book can be considered complementary to other two related
books in the CAC series: Advanced Techniques in Gas Chromatogra-
phyeMass Spectrometry (GC-MS-MS and GC-TOF MS) for Environmental
Chemistry (volume 61), and TOF-MS in Food and Environmental Analysis
(volume 58). This book, mainly containing liquid chromatographyebased
approaches combined with high-resolution MS, contains 16 chapters and it is
organizedinthreesections:(1)Instrumentationwiththreechaptersdescribing
theevolutionandadvancesofTOFandOrbitrap;(2)TargetAnalysiswithnine
chapters covering a comprehensive variety of application in environmental,
food, doping and forensic analysis; and (3) Nontarget Analysis applications
mainly in the environmental field.
Thatbeingsaid,withthepublicationofthisnewtitletheCACseriesoffers
auniquelistofbooksonorganicmassspectrometrythatwillbeveryhelpfulto
the Analytical Chemistry community. The book can be used as an academic
text and as reference book for those working in chemical analytical labora-
torieswhowanttolearnmoreabouttoday’smostwidelyusedhigh-resolution
MSsystems:time-of-flightandOrbitrap.FinallyIwouldliketothanktoboth
co-editors again and to all the authors of this book, well-known experts, for
their time and efforts in preparing this excellent and useful book on applica-
tions of TOF and Orbitrap MS techniques.
Prof. D. Barcelo´
Barcelona, Spain, 21 March 2016
xvii
Preface
There is little doubt, if any, that the commercial availability of powerful and
cost-efficient instrumentation in conjunction with the development of user-
friendlydataacquisitionandprocessingtoolshavebeendecisivefactorsinthe
successful implementation of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) in
highlydiversefieldsofapplication.AlthoughtheuseofHR-MStechniquesin
small-moleculeanalysishasbeenaroundforquitesometime,withprominent
examples being magnetic sector instruments in academic settings at an early
stage and later on time-of-flight (ToF) MS platforms used in the pharmaceu-
tical industry for drug metabolite identification, many routine laboratories
have nowadays recognised the potential, and are actually taking advantage of
thepowerofHR-MSnotonlyforqualitativeanalysis,butalsoincreasinglyfor
quantitativemeasurement of organic trace components with its high demands
oninstrumentalsensitivity,selectivityandrobustness.Infact,allofthemajor
manufacturerswithasolidhistoryindevelopingandproducinglow-resolution
MS instrumentation based on quadrupole or ion-trap technology for ion
analysis and detection now offer a comprehensive portfolio of (hybrid) HR-
MS instruments to provide solutions to their customers for even the most
complexofanalyticaltasks.Andwiththeintroductionofthefirstcommercial
Orbitrap mass analyser in 2005 and its subsequent triumphal procession,
manufacturers of ToF-based HR-MS instruments took up the challenge of
coming up with innovative solutions to defend, and ideally expand their
market share.
Withtheever-growingpopularityofHR-MStechniquesandthecontinuous
technological development in mind, in this book we set out to provide a
snapshot on the current state-of-the-art in HR-MS analysis of small organic
molecules, to describe workflows in analytical laboratories dealing with the
detectionandcharacterisationofenvironmentalpollutants,foodcontaminants
and doping agents in biological samples, and to identify the strengths and
limitations of hardware and software solutions available to the HR-MS user
community.Tothisend,weinvitedexpertsfromacademicinstitutions,public
research organisations, and industry as well as instrument manufacturers to
share their experience and views on their specific area of expertise. We feel
confidentthattheselectionofcontributionsinthisbookerangingfrombroad
overviews on technical developments or the various MS acquisition modes
suitable for quantitativeanalysis down to the assignment offragment ions for
xix
xx Preface
structureelucidationofmetabolitesewillallowthereadertogainathorough
impressionontheverymanyareasofapplicationofHR-MSinsmall-molecule
analysis. As in our view HR-MS coupled to liquid chromatographic (LC)
separation has experienced in recent years by far more important
developments than those witnessed in hyphenation of gas chromatography
(GC) to HR-MS, the majority of chapters have their focus on LC-MS appli-
cationsforcompoundsofmoderateorhighpolarity.Nonetheless,readerswith
a stronger interest in GC-HR-MS will find chapters dealing partially or even
exclusively with GC-based techniques.
This book is divided into three parts.
The three chapters composing the first part ‘Instrumentation’ provide a
concise overview of the history and fundamentals of Orbitrap MS and ToF-
MS.Thetwochaptersdedicatedtoeachprincipleofionanalysisarewrittenby
expert scientists from instrument vendors. They both provide a detailed yet
unbiasedaccountofthetechnologicaladvances,currentchallengesandfuture
directions in further development. The third chapter constituting the first part
describes in a very comprehensive manner the hyphenation of the various
ambient ionisation techniques with HR-MS in a vast field of applications
covered in this book.
Thesecondparton‘TargetAnalysis,Identification,andSuspectScreening’
illustrates inthefirsttwochaptersthepossibilitiesofHR-MSinthedetection
ofdopingagentsinbiologicalsamplesofhumanoriginandthedetermination
of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. In the former the authors high-
light the invaluable power of HR-MS full-scan acquisitions for retrospective
analysis of novel banned substances. The two following chapters provide a
useful guide on the acquisition modes that can be used in (drug) metabolite
identification and give an example on how HR-MS analysis with multiple-
stage fragmentation leads to the successful identification of designer drugs
present in herbal supplements. The structural elucidation of environmental
transformation products by either Orbitrap or ToF-based LC-MS platforms is
thetopicoftwofurtherchaptersinwhichtheauthorspresenttheirapproaches
towards proposing and confirming structure identities. What follows are two
detailed literature reviews on the application of HR-MS for the identification
of transformation products formed from organic micropollutants during the
process of water disinfection with chlorine or related agents. Although LC
separationswithHR-MSdetectionarethekeytechniqueforstudyingmostof
thedegradationpathways,thereisaclearwindowofopportunityforGC-HR-
MSwhereversufficientlyvolatilespeciesareformed.Inthelastchapterofthis
partofthebook,abriefintroductionto‘suspectscreening’isprovidedand,by
way of example, the workflow of this relatively new approach in environ-
mental analysis is described.
The purpose of the third part of this book is to portray the state-of-the-
science in the ‘nontarget screening’ of organic compounds of environmental
relevance.Thethreecontributionsinthislastpartusedifferentapproachesfor