Table Of ContentPergamon Titles of Related Interest
Choppin & Rydberg NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Cohen RADIONUCLIDES IN PHARMACOLOGY
Gusev & Dmitriev QUANTUM RADIATION OF RADIOACTIVE
NUCLIDES
Vose INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN
AGRONOMY AND PLANT BIOLOGY
Welch RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS
LABELLED WITH SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES
Related Journals*
ANNALS OF THE ICRP
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RADIATION AND
ISOTOPES
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND
BIOLOGY
NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
*Free specimen copies available upon request.
APPLICATIONS OF
NUCLEAR A ND
RADIOCHEMISTRY
EDITED BY RICHARD M. LAMBRECHT
NABIL MORCOS
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY
PERGAMON PRESS
New York Oxford Toronto Sydney Paris Frankfurt
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Copyright © 1982 Pergamon Press Inc.
Library off Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Applications of nuclear and radiochemistry
Based on a symposium at the second Chemical
Congress of the North American Continent held in
August 1980 at Las Vegas, Nev.
1. Nuclear chemistry-Congresses. 2. Radio-
chemistry-Congresses. I. Lambrecht, Richard M.,
1943- . II. Morcos, Nabil, 1944- .
III. Chemical Congress of the North American
Continent (2nd : 1980 : Las Vegas, Nev.)
QD601.A1A66 1982 615M9 82-9111
ISBN 0-08-027544-3 AACR2
All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means:
electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Printed in the United States of America
FOREWORD
Since the Curies* work on the concentration and characterization of polonium and
radium, chemists have played an important role in the exploration of radioactivity
and of atomic nuclei. For nearly as long, nuclear chemists, along with nuclear
physicists, have pioneered the applications of radioactivity and nuclear phenomena
in other fields of science as well as in agriculture, medicine, and industry. One
only needs to recall the pervasive use of radioactive tracers, the enormous impact
of techniques such as activation analysis, radioimmunoassay, Mossbauer spectros-
copy, and radioactive dating to realize that the applications of nuclear chemistry
have truly revolutionized many areas of science and technology.
The present volume is based on a symposium at the Second Chemical Congress of
the North American Continent held in August 1980 at Las Vegas, Nevada. Despite
its general title, it does not, of course, attempt to give a comprehensive survey
of the manifold applications of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry. Rather, it
contains an interesting sampling of recent developments. The bulk of the book is
devoted to radiopharmaceutical chemistry, with a variety of papers devoted to ad-
vances in the production of radionuclides for nuclear medicine, in the synthesis
of labeled pharmaceuticals, and in the design and use of specific diagnostic
agents. The reader will get an excellent picture of the state of the art from
this collection of papers.
The second part of the volume begins with a section entitled "Impact of Radio-
chemistry in China," which is noteworthy in that, to my knowledge, it represents
the first official participation of a delegation from the People's Republic of
China in an ACS Symposium on radiochemistry. Interestingly enough, the section
also contains three papers by U. S. and Japanese scientists on fallout from
Chinese nuclear tests, a subject one might entitle "Impact of China on
Radiochemistry."
The five papers grouped together in the final section of the volume under the
title "Nuclear Probes" are a very sparse sample of applications in a few other
fields—just enough to whet the reader's appetite.
Gerhart Friedlander
VXXX
Preface
A need for an up-to-date reference and text for advanced students in chemistry
and pharmacy, and physicians in residency preparing for boards in nuclear medicine
encouraged us to organize this volume. We hope it will help to reverse the grow-
ing shortage of recent graduates in nuclear science. The collective effort cen-
tered around a Symposium on the Practical Applications of Nuclear and Radio-
chemistry held in conjunction with the Second Chemical Congress of the North
American Continent at Las Vegas, Nevada in August, 1980. While the volume is de-
rivative of the Symposium, the volume is not a proceedings. All chapters, whether
invited or contributed, were subjected to the referee process and editorial reor-
ganization. Chapters are included from experts who were unable to make the oral
presentation in Las Vegas in order to assure continuity, especially in Part 1 of
the volume. The Symposium format provided a forum for interchange and a deadline
for both the invited and contributed manuscripts. The second Chemical Congress
provided an audience of students considering nuclear and radiochemistry as a field
of study, and of professionals who might apply radiotracers to their research.
The Symposium was historical in two respects accord[ing to Professor Victor E.
Viola, Jr., the President of the Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology of
the American Chemical Society: the Symposium is believed to have been the largest
in the history of the Division. Secondly, the Symposium involved the participa-
tion of a delegation of nuclear scientists from the People1s Republic of China.
It was the first scientific exchange since the Revolution in 1949 and possibly the
first joint meeting of American and Chinese Nuclear and Radiochemists at an ACS
meeting.
The volume is divided into two parts. Part I on radiopharmaceuticals is in-
tended to serve as a reference for scientists and physician researchers and new-
comers to the field. The interdisciplinary aspects of the field are documented by
team collaborations of internationally recognized chemists,, pharmacists and physi-
cians. Current research areas are covered with a focus on the new machines for
research, i.e. compact accelerators, positron emission and single photon tomo-
graphs. The radiochemistry and design of radiopharmaceuticals for receptor stud-
ies and for the determination of physiological function and metabolism of the
brain, heart and tumors is emphasized.
Part II is intended to summarize the recent radioçhemistry research in China as
conveyed by the first contingent of Chinese scientists to the Second Chemical Con-
gress of North America, and the impact of radioehemical research in China on the
biosphere as studied using nuclear probes. One theoretical paper on high pressure
ligand radiochromatography complements the various chapters wherein radiochromato-
graphic results and methods are presented. Other techniques using nuclear probes,
interactive tracers, and hot atom chemistry to investigate physical phenomena are
highlighted. Reference nuclear data and where to find it i$ also discussed.
R. M. Lambrecht wishes to, acknowledge the persons who have most favorably af-
fected the development of his career. Harry Freund (Oregon State university -
Undergraduate major advisor), Edward P· Rack (University of Nebraska - disserta-
tion advisor), Arthur M. Weis, Linus Pauling and Alfred P, Wolf, Special appreci-
ation is extended to Kathleen Joy McGill, a friend and faithful wife of 17 years,
and the mother of our sons: Curtis Wright, Lars Antony, Luke Richard (deceased),
and Luke Bernard. My parents Bernard Henry Lambrecht and Eulina Elizabeth Neal
Lambrecht and sister Helen Elizabeth Lambrecht Prescott are remembered with affec-
tion. I chose Linus Pauling as a model of accomplishment during the early stages
of my interest in science, and it was after my career was established that our
family lineage was noted.
ix
X
N. Morcos wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the persons who have
nurtured his scientific growth and career: P. K. Kuroda (Edgar Wertheim Distin-
guished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arkansas, Dissertation ad-
visor), G. Friedlander, Seymour Katcoff, and James B. Cumming. Special apprecia-
tion is extended to my wife, Hasmik, for her relentless devotion and patience.
The Editors extend heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Ms. Carol Roberts and
Ms. Beth Salata for their continuing dedication to the preparation and proofing of
the camera-ready copy.
Quogue, N. Y. 11959 Richard M. Lambrecht
April 8, 1981 Nabil A. Morcos
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Richard M. Lambrecht and Nabil Morcos - Editors,
Abas Alavi, Associate Professor of Radiology and Neurology, Chief, Division of
Nuclear Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104·
J. D. Akridge, Research Associate, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
Ronald M. Baldwin, Manager Radiopharmaceutical Development, Medi-Physics, Inc.,
Emeryville, CA 94608.
Bao Jin-rong, Research Assistant, Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Peoples
Republic of China.
John W. Barnes, Staff Member and Hot Cell Specialist, Medical Radioisotope
Research Group (CNC-3), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
Glenn E. Bentley, Staff Member and Analytical Chemistry Specialist, Medical
Radioisotope Research Group (CNC-3), Los Alamos National laboratory, Los Alamos,
NM 87545.
G. Berger, Scientist (Pharmacy), Commissariat A L'Energie AtiKaiqöö, Departement de
Biologie, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, Orsay, France,
Monte Blau, Professor and Chairman, Department of Nuclear Medicine, State
University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215.
Alan Blotcky, Director of Research Reactor, Veterans Administration Medical
Center, Omaha, NE 68501.
Thomas E. Boothe, Radiochemist, Baumritter Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Mount
Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140.
H. Donald Burns, Associate Professor, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Department
of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Thomas Burrows, Scientist, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
William Bushong, Research Assistant, Department of Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221.
James A. Campbell, Organic Radiochemist, Baumritter Institute of Nuclear Medicine,
Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140.
Kathryn E. Carlson, Research Associate, School of Chemical Sciences, University of
Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
XI
xii
Chang Hai-rong, Research Assistant, Department of Nuclear Science, Fudan
University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
Chen Li-guan, Lecturer, Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhou University, Peoples
Republic of China.
Cheng Chi-ke, Associate Professor, Department of Nuclear Science, Fudan
University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
Chris C. Cheng, Research Associate in Nuclear Medicine, Harvard Medical School
and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115.
Cheng Yuan-di, Research Associate, Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Peoples
Republic of China.
Chin Chi-tsung, Associate Professor, Department of Nuclear Science, Fudan
University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
Dominique Comar, Senior Scientist, Commissariat A L'Energie Atomique, Deparment de
Biologie, Service Hospitaller Frederic Joliot, Orsay, France.
D. Covert, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.
Robert F. Dannais, Instructor, Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD 21205.
Edward Deutsch, Professor of Chemistry and Radiology, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH 45221.
H. Dougan, Research Associate, TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia Z6T-1W5, Canada.
Charles C. Duncan, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
William C. Eckelman, Professor of Radiology and Head, Section of
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, George Washington University Medical Center,
Washington, DC 20037.
Lelsl Ann Ferren, Nuclear Medicine Technology Group, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830.
Ronald D. Finn, Cyclotron Director, Baurmitter Institute of Nuclear Medicine,
Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, and Associate Professor of
Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33140.
Natalie I. Foster, Research Scientist, Center for Health Sciences, and Visiting
Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015.
Gerhart Friedlander, American Chemical Society Nuclear Chemistry Award—1967,
Senior Chemist and Consultant, Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
Michiaki Furukawa, Professor of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
xiii
Albert J. Gilson, Director, Baumritter Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, and Professor of Radiology, University of
Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33140.
Myron D. Ginsberg, Associate Professor of Neurology and Radiology, Co-Director,
Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine,
Miami, FL 33140.
Kenneth A. Glavan, Research Assistant, Department of Chemistry, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221.
E. Eugene Gooch, Post-docotoral Research Associate, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37916.
David A. Goodwin, Chief of Nuclear Medicine Service, Veterans Administration
Medical Center, and Associate Professor of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo
Alto, CA 94301.
Ramanuj Goswami, Research Chemist, Chemical Research Department, Eastman Kodak
Company, Rochester, NY 14680.
Patrick M. Grant, Associate Group Leader, Medical Radioisotope Research Group
(CNC-3), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
Joel Greenberg, Research Associate Professor of Neurology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
Robert A. Grigsby, Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College
Station, TX 77840.
C. E. Guyer, Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN 37830.
John F. Harwig, Assistant Professor of Radiopharmacy and Biomédical Chemistry,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
Raymond L. Hayes, Chief Scientist, Medical and Health Science Division, Oak Ridge
Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN 37830.
He Shi-yu, Research Assistant, Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Peoples
Republic of China.
Daniel F. Heiman, Post-doctoral Research Associate, School of Chemical Sciences,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
Ned D. Heindel, Professor of Chemistry and Director of Center for Health Sciences,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015.
Ho Shou-chun, Lecturer, Department of Technical Physics, Peking University,
Peoples Republic of China.
Henry C. Hsu, Post-doctoral Research Associate, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37916.
Kurt J. Irgolic, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University,
College Station, TX 77840.
xiv
Y, C. (Jerry) Jean, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, University of
Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110.
Jin Jiannan, Lecturer, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China.
George W. Kabalka, Professor of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
37916, and Consultant, Oak Ridge Associated Universities and Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830.
John A. Katzenellenbogen, Professor of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
F. F. Knapp, Jr», Group Leader, Nuclear Medicine Technology Group, Health and
Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830.
S. Kojiraa, Professor of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
Hank F. Kung, Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, State
University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215.
P. K. Kuroda, American Chemical Society Nuclear Chemistry Award—1978, Edgar
Wertheim Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701.
James F. Lamb, Associate Director of Research and Development, Medi-Physics, Inc.,
Emeryville, CA 94608.
Richard M. Lambrecht, Scientist (Chemistry), Chemistry Department, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
Scott W. Landvatter, Research Assistant, School of Chemical Sciences, University
of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
Li Qin-zu, Lecturer, Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhuo University, Peoples
Republic of China.
Lin Sen-hao, Research Assistant, Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research, Peoples
Republic of China.
T. H. Lin, Manager, Research/Exploration, Medi-Physics, Inc., Emeryville, CA
94608.
Ling Da-ren, Lecturer, Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhou University, Peoples
Republic of China.
Liu Mingzhang, Lecturer, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China.
Liu Yuan-fang, Associate Professor, Department of Technical Physics, Peking
University, Peoples Republic of China.
John E. Lloyd, Research Assistant, School of Chemical Sciences, University of
Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
Mahmoud Firouzbakht Lonbani, Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska, Omaha,
NE 68501.
