Table Of ContentApplications of Machine
Learning and Deep Learning on
Biological Data
The automated learning of machines characterizes machine learning (ML). It
focuses on making data-driven predictions using programmed algorithms. ML has
several applications, including bioinformatics, which is a discipline of study and
practice that deals with applying computational derivations to obtain biological
data. It involves the collection, retrieval, storage, manipulation, and modeling of
data for analysis or prediction made using customized software. Previously, com-
prehensive programming of bioinformatical algorithms was an extremely laborious
task for such applications as predicting protein structures. Now, algorithms using
ML and deep learning (DL) have increased the speed and efficacy of programming
such algorithms.
Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning on Biological Data is a
study of applying ML and DL techniques to biological areas such as proteomics,
genomics, microarrays, text mining, and systems biology. The key objective is to cover
ML applications to biological science problems, focusing on problems related to bio-
informatics. The book looks at cutting-edge research topics and methodologies in ML
applied to the rapidly advancing discipline of bioinformatics.
ML and DL applied to biological and neuroimaging data can open new frontiers
for biomedical engineering, such as refining the understanding of complex diseases,
including cancer and neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Advances in this
field could eventually lead to the development of precision medicine and automated
diagnostic tools capable of tailoring medical treatments to individual lifestyles, vari-
ability, and the environment.
Highlights include:
◾ Artificial Intelligence for treating and diagnosing schizophrenia
◾ An analysis of ML and DL’s financial effect on healthcare
◾ An XGBoost-based classification method for breast cancer classification
◾ Using ML to predict squamous diseases
◾ ML and DL applications in genomics and proteomics
◾ Applying ML and DL to biological data
Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence
Applications of Machine
Learning and Deep Learning
on Biological Data
Edited by
Faheem Masoodi, Mohammad Quasim,
Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari,
Sarvottam Dixit, and Shadab Alam
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-1-032-21437-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35826-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32878-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003328780
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by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
Contributors ..................................................................................................vii
About the Authors ..........................................................................................ix
1 Deep Learning Approaches, Algorithms, and Applications
in Bioinformatics ....................................................................................1
SAAHIRA BANU AHAMED, SHERMIN SHAMSUDHEEN,
AND AWATEF SALEM BALOBAID
2 Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
in Schizophrenia—A Survey ................................................................21
BHAWANA PALIWAL AND KHANDAKAR F. RAHMAN
3 Understanding Financial Impact of Machine and
Deep Learning in Healthcare: An Analysis ..........................................41
DR. KHURSHID ALI GANAI AND DR. BILAL AHMAD PANDOW
4 Face Mask Detection Alert System for COVID
Prevention Using Deep Learning .........................................................57
PARTH AGARWAL, DHRUV RASTOGI, AND AMAN SHARMA
5 An XGBoost‑Based Classification Method to Classify
Breast Cancer .......................................................................................75
DR. KISHWAR SADAF, DR. JABEEN SULTANA,
AND NAZIA AHMAD
6 Prediction of Erythemato‑Squamous Diseases
Using Machine Learning ......................................................................87
SYED NISAR HUSSAIN BUKHARI, FAHEEM MASOODI,
MUNEER AHMAD DAR, NISAR IQBAL WANI,
ADFAR SAJAD, AND GOUSIYA HUSSAIN
7 Grouping of Mushroom 5.8s rRNA Sequences by
Implementing Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm ...............................97
P. SUDHASINI AND DR. B. ASHADEVI
v
vi ◾ Contents
8 Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning
in Genomics and Proteomics ..............................................................113
QURAT-UL-AIN AND UZMA HAMEED
9 Artificial Intelligence: For Biological Data ........................................135
IFRA ALTAF, MUHEET AHMED BUTT
AND MAJID ZAMAN
10 Application of ML and DL on Biological Data ..................................159
TAWSEEF AHMED TELI, FAHEEM SYED MASOODI,
AND ZUBAIR MASOODI
11 Deep Learning for Bioinformatics .....................................................181
TAWSEEF AHMED TELI AND RAMEEZ YOUSUF
Index ...........................................................................................................197
Contributors
Nazia Ahmad Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari
Department of Computer Sciences NIELIT Srinagar
Applied College Imam Abdul Rahman Jammu and Kashmir, India
Bin Faisal University
Damam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Muheet Ahmad Butt
Department of Computer Sciences
Saahira Banu Ahamed University of Kashmir
Department of Computer Science Jammu and Kashmir, India
College of Computer Science and
Information Technology Muneer Ahmad Dar
Jizan University NIELIT Srinagar
Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ifra Altaf Khurshid Ali Ganai
Department of Computer Sciences Higher College of Technology
University of Kashmir Abu Dhabi, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Uzma Hameed
B. Ashadevi Department of Higher Education
Department of Computer Sciences Jammu and Kashmir, India
M. B. Muthaih, Govt. Arts College
for Women Gousiya Hussain
Tamil Nadu, India Department of Computer Sciences
Mewar University
Awatef Salem Balobaid Rajasthan, India
Department of Computer Science
College of Computer Science and Faheem Syeed Masoodi
Information Technology Department of Computer Sciences
Jizan University University of Kashmir
Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Jammu and Kashmir, India
vii
viii ◾ Contents
Zubair Masoodi Aman Sharma
Department of Higher Education Department of CS/IT
Jammu and Kashmir, India Jaypee University of Information
Technology
Bhawana Paliwal Himachal Pradesh, India
Department of Bio Science and
Bio Technology P. Sudhasini
Banasthali Vidyapeth Department of Computer Sciences
Rajasthan, India Lady Doak College Madhuria
Tamil Nadu, India
Bilal Ahmad Pandow
Center for Career Planning and Jabeen Sultana
Counselling Department of Computer Science
University of Kashmir College of Computer and Information
Jammu and Kashmir, India Science
Majmaah University
Qurat‑ul‑ain Al Majma’ah, Kingdom of Saudi
Department of Higher Education Arabia
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Tawseef Ahmed Teli
Khandakar Faridar Rahman Department of Higher Education
Department of Computer Sciences Jammu and Kashmir, India
Banasthali Vidyapeth
Rajasthan, India Nisar Iqbal Wani
Department of Higher Education
Kishwar Sadaf Jammu and Kashmir, India
Department of Computer Science
College of Computer and Information Rameez Yousuf
Science Department of Computer Sciences
Majmaah University University of Kashmir
Al Majma’ah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Jammu and Kashmir, India
Adfar Sajad Majid Zaman
Department of Information Technology Department of IT and SS
Cluster University University of Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir, India Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shermin Shamsudheen
Department of Computer Science
College of Computer Science and
Information Technology
Jizan University
Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
About the Authors
Dr. Faheem Syeed Masoodi is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer
Science, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Earlier, he served the
College of Computer Science, University of Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as an
assistant professor. Prior, the author served as a research scientist at NMEICT –
Edrp project sponsored by the Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India. He was awarded
PhD in the domain of Network Security & Cryptography by the Department of
Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, in the
year 2014. He has completed his Masters in Computer Science from University of
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India. His core research interests include cryptog-
raphy & network security and Internet of things (IOT). He is a professional mem-
ber of many cryptology Associations and has published multiple research papers
in reputed journals and conferences. He has been awarded fellowship for sum-
mer training “Conference effective moduli spaces and application to cryptography
organized by CENTRE HENRI LEBESGUE, Rennes, France in 2014, and was
also awarded fellowship for summer school SP-ASCRYPTO-2011 Advance School
of Cryptography at University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 2011. He was
also awarded Maulana Azad National Fellowship for his doctorate programme by
UGC New Delhi.
Dr. Mohammad Tabrez Quasim is assistant professor at University of Bisha,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari is working as a Scientist-C at the National
Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Srinagar, Jammu
and Kashmir, India.
Prof. Sarvottam Dixit holds the post of vice-chancellor, Mewar University,
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Dr. Shadab Alam is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science,
Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
ix
