Table Of ContentApplications of Machine Learning and Data Analytics
Models in Maritime Transportation
Machine learning and data analytics can be used to inform technical, commercial and financial TAA Applications of Machine Learning
decisions in the maritime industry. Applications of Machine Learning and Data Analytics ranp
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clearly and concisely explained, and case studies of typical maritime challenges and solutions ioos
are also included. The authors begin with an introduction to maritime transportation, followed ndo
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by chapters providing an overview of ship inspection by port state control, and the principles ls M
of data driven models. Further chapters cover linear regression models, Bayesian networks, ia
support vector machines, artificial neural networks, tree-based models, association rule nc
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learning, cluster analysis, classic and emerging approaches to solving practical problems in i
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maritime transport, incorporating shipping domain knowledge into data-driven models, re
explanation of black-box machine learning models in maritime transport, linear optimization, it L
advanced linear optimization, and integer optimization. A concluding chapter provides an ime Ran Yan and Shuaian Wang
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overview of coverage and explores future possibilities in the field. er
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The book will be especially useful to researchers and professionals with expertise in maritime in
research who wish to learn how to apply data analytics and machine learning to their fields. g
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About the Authors t
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Ran Yan is a research assistant professor in the Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies
at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China.
Shuaian Wang is a professor in the Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies at The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China.
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The Institution of Engineering and Technology n
theiet.org g
978-1-83953-559-8
IET TRANSPORTATION SERIES 38
Applications of Machine
Learning and Data Analytics
Models in Maritime
Transportation
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Applications of Machine
Learning and Data Analytics
Models in Maritime
Transportation
Ran Yan and Shuaian Wang
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England &
Wales (no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2022
First published 2022
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The moral rights of the author to be identified as author of this work have been asserted by
him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this product is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-83953-559-8 (hardback)
ISBN 978-1-83953-560-4 (PDF)
Typeset in India by Exeter Premedia Services Private Limited
Printed in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon
Cover Image: Longhua Liao/ Moment via Getty Images
Contents
About the Authors ix
1 Introduction of maritime transportation 1
1.1 Overview of maritime transport 1
1.2 World fleet structure 1
1.2.1 Bulk carrier 1
1.2.2 Oil tanker 2
1.2.3 Container ship 2
1.3 Key roles in the shipping industry 3
1.3.1 Ship owner 3
1.3.2 Ship operator 3
1.3.3 Ship management company 3
1.3.4 Flag state 3
1.3.5 Classification society 4
1.3.6 Charterer 4
1.3.7 Freight forwarder 4
1.3.8 Ship broker 5
1.4 Container liner shipping 5
2 Ship inspection by port state control 9
2.1 Key issues in maritime transport 9
2.1.1 Maritime safety management 9
2.1.2 Marine pollution control 10
2.1.3 Seafarers’ management 10
2.2 Port state control 10
2.2.1 The background and development of PSC 11
2.2.2 Ship selection in PSC 11
2.2.3 Onboard inspection procedure 12
2.2.4 Inspection results 14
2.3 Data set used in this book 15
3 Introduction to data- driven models 21
3.1 Predictive problem and its application in maritime transport 21
3.1.1 Introduction of predictive problem 21
3.1.2 Examples of predictive problem in maritime transport 22
vi Machine learning and data analytics for maritime studies
3.1.3 Comparison of theory-based modeling and data-driven
modeling 23
3.1.4 Popular data-driven models 23
4 Key elements of data- driven models 29
4.1 Comparison of three popular data-driven models 29
4.2 Procedure of developing ML models to address maritime transport
problems 29
4.2.1 Problem specification 32
4.2.2 Feasibility assessment 32
4.2.3 Data collection 32
4.2.4 Feature engineering 34
4.2.5 Model construction 43
4.2.6 Model refinement 48
4.2.7 Model assessment, interpretation/explanation, and conclusion 50
5 Linear regression models 51
5.1 Simple linear regression and the least squares 51
5.2 Multiple linear regression 53
5.3 Extensions of multiple linear regression 55
5.3.1 Polynomial regression 55
5.3.2 Logistic regression 56
5.4 Shrinkage linear regression models 59
5.4.1 Ridge regression 60
5.4.2 LASSO regression 61
6 Bayesian networks 63
6.1 Naive Bayes classifier 63
6.2 Semi-naive Bayes classifiers 68
6.3 BN classifiers 73
7 Support vector machine 79
7.1 Hard margin SVM 79
7.2 Soft margin SVM 83
7.3 Kernel trick 86
7.4 Support vector regression 90
8 Artificial neural network 93
8.1 The structure and basic concepts of an ANN 93
8.1.1 Training of an ANN model 97
8.1.2 Hyperparameters in an ANN model 100
8.2 Brief introduction of deep learning models 103
Contents vii
9 Tree- based models 105
9.1 Basic concepts of a decision tree 105
9.2 Node splitting in classification trees 106
9.2.1 Iterative dichotomizer 3 (ID3) 106
9.2.2 C4.5 109
9.2.3 Classification and regression tree (CART) 110
9.2.4 Node splitting in regression trees 113
9.3 Ensemble learning on tree-based models 115
9.3.1 Bagging 117
9.3.2 Boosting 120
10 Association rule learning 129
10.1 Large item sets 129
10.2 Apriori algorithm 131
10.3 FP-growth algorithm 139
11 Cluster analysis 143
11.1 Distance measure in clustering 143
11.1.1 Distance measure of examples 143
11.1.2 Distance measure of clusters 146
11.2 Metrics for clustering algorithm performance evaluation 147
11.2.1 Clustering algorithms 149
11.2.2 K-means (partition-based method) 149
11.2.3 DBSCAN (density-based method) 151
11.2.4 Agglomerative algorithm (hierarchy-based methods) 154
12 Classic and emerging approaches to solving practical problems
in maritime transport 161
12.1 Topics in maritime transport research 161
12.2 Research methods and their specific applications to maritime
transport research 163
12.3 Issues of adopting data-driven models to address problems
in maritime transportation 167
12.3.1 Data 168
12.3.2 Model 169
12.3.3 User 170
12.3.4 Target 172
13 Incorporating shipping domain knowledge into data- driven models 179
13.1 Considering feature monotonicity in ship risk prediction 180
13.1.1 Introduction of monotonicity in the ship risk prediction
problem 180
13.1.2 Integration of monotonic constraint into XGBoost 182
viii Machine learning and data analytics for maritime studies
13.2 Integration of convex and monotonic constraints into ANN
(artifical neural network) 184
14 Explanation of black- box ML models in maritime transport 191
14.1 Necessity of black-box ML model explanation in the maritime
industry 191
14.1.1 What is the explanation for ML models 191
14.1.2 Propose and evaluate explanations for black-box ML models 194
14.2 Popular methods for black-box ML model explanation 196
14.2.1 Forms and types of explanations 196
14.2.2 Introduction of intrinsic explanation model using DT
as an example 198
14.2.3 SHAP method 200
15 Linear optimization 209
15.1 Basics 209
15.2 Classification of linear optimization models according to solutions 213
15.3 Equivalence between different formulations 215
15.4 Graphical method for models with two variables 218
15.5 Using software to solve linear optimization models 225
15.6 An in-depth understanding of linear optimization 227
15.7 Useful applications of linear optimization solvers 228
16 Advanced linear optimization 231
16.1 Network flow optimization 231
16.2 Dummy nodes and links 245
16.3 Using linear formulations for nonlinear problems 248
16.4 Practice 250
17 Integer optimization 275
17.1 Formulation I: natural integer decision variables 275
17.2 Formulation II: 0–1 decision variables 278
17.3 Formulation III: complex logical constraints 281
17.4 Solving mixed-integer optimization models 282
17.5 Formulation IV: challenging problems 283
17.6 Formulation V: linearizing binary variables multiplied by another
variable 288
17.7 Practice 289
18 Conclusion 297
18.1 Summary of this book 297
18.2 Future research agenda 298
Index 301
About the Authors
Ran Yan is a research assistant professor in the Department of Logistics and
Maritime Studies at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), China. Dr. Yan
received her Bachelor of Science degree from Hohai University in China in 2018 and
her Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University in 2020 and 2022, respectively. Dr. Yan’s research interests
include applying data analytics methods and technologies to improve shipping effi-
ciency and green shipping management. Dr. Yan has published more than 30 papers in
international journals and conference proceedings, such as Transportation Research
Part B/C/E, Transport Policy, Journal of Computational Science, Maritime Policy &
Management, Ocean Engineering, Engineering, Sustainability, and Electronic
Research Archive, and won several times of best paper/student paper award from
international conferences. Dr. Yan is an editorial assistant of Cleaner Logistics and
Supply Chain.
Shuaian Wang is currently Professor at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
(PolyU), China. Prior to joining PolyU, he worked as a faculty member at Old
Dominion University, USA, and the University of Wollongong, Australia. Dr. Wang’s
research interests include big data in shipping, green shipping, shipping operations
management, port planning and operations, urban transport network modeling, and
logistics and supply chain management. Dr. Wang has published over 200 papers
in journals such as Transportation Research Part B, Transportation Science, and
Operations Research. Dr. Wang is an editor-in-chief of Cleaner Logistics and
Supply Chain and Communications in Transportation Research, an associate editor
of Transportation Research Part E, Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal,
Transportmetrica A, and Transportation Letters, a handle editor of Transportation
Research Record, an editorial board editor of Transportation Research Part B, and
an editorial board member of Maritime Transport Research. Dr. Wang dedicates to
rethinking and proposing innovative solutions to improve the efficiency of maritime
and urban transportation systems, to promote environmental friendly and sustainable
practices, and to transform business and engineering education.
