Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry : a practical guide

612 Pages·2013·14.07 MB·English

by  Weiner

THIRD EDITION
Environmental Chemistry
Weiner
Applications of Applications of
THIRD EDITION
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Environmental p
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Aquatic i a
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Chemistry
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A Practical Guide m
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Professionals and students who come from disciplines other than
chemistry need a concise yet reliable guide that explains key concepts t
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in environmental chemistry, from the fundamental science to the
necessary calculations for applying them. Updated and reorganized, l

Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, A
Third Edition provides the essential background for understanding
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and solving the most frequent environmental chemistry problems. A Practical Guide
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Diverse and self-contained chapters offer a centralized and easily
navigable framework for finding useful data tables that are ordinarily a
scattered throughout the literature. t
i Eugene R. Weiner
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Worked examples provide step-by-step details for frequently used
calculations, drawing on case histories from real-world environmental
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applications. Chapters also offer tools for calculating quick estimates of
important quantities and practice problems that apply the principles h
to different conditions. This practical guide provides an ideal basis for e
self-study, as well as short courses involving the movement and fate
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of contaminants in the environment.
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In addition to extensive reorganization and updating, the Third
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Edition includes a new chapter, Nutrients and Odors: Nitrogen,
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Phosphorus, and Sulfur; two new appendices, Solubility of Slightly
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Soluble Metal Salts and Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used
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in This Book; and new material and case studies on remediation,
stormwater management, algae growth and treatment, odor control,
and radioisotopes.
THIRD
EDITION
K12461
ISBN: 978-1-4398-5332-0
90000
9 781439 853320
K12461_COVER_final_revised.indd 1 11/14/12 4:19 PM

THIRD EDITION
Applications of
Environmental
Aquatic
Chemistry
A Practical Guide

THIRD EDITION
Applications of
Environmental
Aquatic
Chemistry
A Practical Guide
Eugene R. Weiner
Cover Design: Jim Carr.
Chapter Title Photographs: Gary Witt and Eugene Weiner.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20121015
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5333-7 (eBook - PDF)
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(Photo by Eugene Weiner)
Even without human intervention, pollutant concentrations in the environment have a
tendency to diminish with time due to natural causes. Where natural processes are fast
enough and contaminant concentrations small enough, the simplest approach to remedia-
tion is to wait until pollutant levels are no longer deemed hazardous.
Chapter 2, Section 2.3.1
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition ................................................................................xxiii
Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................xxv
Preface to the First Edition ....................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xxvii
Author ...................................................................................................................xxix
Chapter 1 Water Quality .......................................................................................1
1.1 Defining Environmental Water Quality ....................................1
1.1.1 Water-Use Classifications and Water Quality
Standards ......................................................................2
1.1.2 Water Quality Classifications and Standards for
Natural Waters ..............................................................4
1.1.3 Setting Numerical Water Quality Standards ................5
1.1.4 Typical Water-Use Classifications ................................6
1.1.5 Staying Up-to-Date with Standards and Other
Regulations ...................................................................9
1.2 Sources of Water Impurities ....................................................10
1.2.1 Natural Sources ..........................................................10
1.2.2 Human-Caused Sources .............................................10
1.3 Measuring Impurities ..............................................................11
1.3.1 What Impurities Are Present? ....................................11
v
vi Contents
1.3.2 How Do Impurities Influence Water Quality? ...........12
1.3.3 How Much of Each Impurity Is Present? ...................12
1.3.4 Working with Concentrations ....................................12
1.3.4 Moles and Molar Concentrations ...............................17
1.3.5 Case Study ..................................................................22
1.3.6 Equivalents and Equivalent Weights ..........................24
Chapter 2 Contaminant Behavior in the Environment:
Basic Principles ..................................................................................31
2.1 Behavior of Contaminants in Natural Waters .........................31
2.1.1 Important Properties of Pollutants .............................33
2.1.2 Important Properties of Water and Soil .....................33
2.2 What Are the Fates of Different Pollutants? ...........................34
2.3 Processes That Remove Pollutants from Water .......................35
2.3.1 Natural Attenuation ....................................................35
2.3.2 Transport Processes ....................................................35
2.3.3 Environmental Chemical Reactions ...........................36
2.3.4 Environmental Biological Processes ..........................38
2.4 Some Major Contaminant Groups and Natural Pathways
for Their Removal from Water ................................................39
2.4.1 Metals .........................................................................39
2.4.2 Chlorinated Pesticides ................................................39
2.4.3 Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ........................39
2.4.4 Fuel Hydrocarbons .....................................................40
2.4.5 Inorganic Nonmetal Species ......................................40
2.5 Chemical and Physical Reactions in the Water
Environment ............................................................................40
2.6 Partitioning Behavior of Pollutants .........................................41
2.6.1 Partitioning from a Diesel Oil Spill ...........................41
2.7 Intermolecular Forces ..............................................................44
2.7.1 Temperature-Dependent Phase Changes ....................44
2.7.2 Volatility, Solubility, and Sorption .............................45
2.7.3 Predicting Relative Attractive Forces .........................45
2.8 Origins of Intermolecular Forces: Electronegativities,
Chemical Bonds, and Molecular Geometry ............................46
2.8.1 Chemical Bonds .........................................................46
2.8.2 Chemical Bond Dipole Moments ...............................50
2.8.3 Molecular Geometry and Molecular Polarity ............50
2.8.4 Examples of Nonpolar Molecules with
Polar Bonds ................................................................51
2.8.5 Examples of Polar Molecules .....................................52
2.8.6 The Nature of Intermolecular Attractions ..................53
2.8.7 Comparative Strengths of Nonpolar
Intermolecular Attractions .........................................55
Contents vii
2.9 Solubility and Intermolecular Attractions ...............................57
2.9.1 Solubility and Other Phase Changes Result When
Unbalanced Intermolecular Forces Seek an
Equilibrium ................................................................60
Reference ............................................................................................62
Chapter 3 Major Water Quality Parameters and Applications ...........................63
3.1 Interactions Among Water Quality Parameters ......................63
3.2 pH ............................................................................................64
3.2.1 Background ................................................................64
3.2.2 Defining pH ................................................................68
3.2.3 Importance of pH .......................................................70
3.2.4 Measuring pH .............................................................71
3.2.5 Water Quality Criteria and Standards for pH.............72
3.3 Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonate, and Carbonate .........................73
3.3.1 Background ................................................................73
3.3.2 Solubility of CO in Water .........................................74
2
3.3.3 Soil CO ......................................................................75
2
3.4 Acidity and Alkalinity .............................................................76
3.4.1 Background ................................................................76
3.4.2 Acidity ........................................................................77
3.4.3 Alkalinity ...................................................................77
3.4.4 Importance of Alkalinity ...........................................79
3.4.5 Water Quality Criteria and Standards for
Alkalinity ...................................................................79
3.4.6 Calculating Alkalinity ................................................80
3.4.7 Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, Carbonate,
and pH ........................................................................81
3.5 Oxidation–Reduction Potential (ORP) ....................................86
3.5.1 Background ................................................................86
3.5.2 Case Study: Treating Foul Odors from an Urban
Marsh ..........................................................................88
3.5.3 Oxidation–Reduction Potential as a Control
Indicator in Wastewater Treatment ............................90
3.6 Hardness ..................................................................................90
3.6.1 Background ................................................................90
3.6.2 Importance of Hardness .............................................91
3.6.3 Calculating Hardness .................................................93
3.7 Dissolved Oxygen ....................................................................94
3.7.1 Background ................................................................94
3.8 Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Demand ...................................................................................98
3.8.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand ....................................98
3.8.2 Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand ............98
viii Contents
3.8.3 Nitrogenous Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...............99
3.8.4 BOD and CBOD ......................................................99
5 5
3.8.5 CBOD Calculation ...................................................100
3.8.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand ......................................101
3.8.7 COD Calculation ......................................................102
3.9 Solids (Total, Suspended, and Dissolved) .............................102
3.9.1 Background ..............................................................102
3.9.2 Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity ......................103
3.9.3 Total Dissolved Solids and Salinity .........................105
3.9.4 Electrical Conductivity and TDS .............................105
3.9.5 TDS Test for Analytical Reliability .........................108
3.10 Temperature ...........................................................................109
3.11 Drinking Water Treatment ....................................................109
3.11.1 Water Sources ...........................................................110
3.11.2 Water Treatment .......................................................111
3.11.3 Basic Drinking Water Treatment .............................111
3.11.3.1 Primary Settling .......................................111
3.11.3.2 Aeration ....................................................112
3.11.3.3 Coagulation ...............................................112
3.11.3.4 Disinfection...............................................112
3.11.4 Disinfection Procedures ...........................................112
3.11.4.1 Chlorine Disinfection ...............................113
3.11.4.2 Hypochlorite .............................................115
3.11.4.3 Definitions.................................................116
3.11.5 Side Effects of Disinfection: Disinfection
Byproducts ...............................................................116
3.11.5.1 Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids ....117
3.11.5.2 Strategies for Controlling Disinfection
Byproducts ................................................119
3.11.5.3 Regulation of Disinfection
Byproducts ................................................119
3.11.5.4 Chlorinated Phenols ..................................121
3.11.5.5 Chloramines ..............................................122
3.11.5.6 Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection
Treatment ..................................................123
3.11.6 Non-Chlorine-Based Water Treatments That
Also Provide Disinfection ........................................123
3.11.6.1 Ozone Disinfection Treatment ..................124
3.11.6.2 Ozone Disinfection Byproducts ................125
3.11.6.3 Potassium Permanganate ..........................125
3.11.6.4 Peroxone (Ozone Plus Hydrogen
Peroxide) ...................................................126
3.11.6.5 Ultraviolet Disinfection Treatment ...........126
3.11.6.6 Characteristics of UV Treatment ..............127
3.11.6.7 Membrane Filtration Water Treatment .....127
3.11.6.8 Reverse Osmosis .......................................129