Applications of Circulation Control Technologies

539 Pages·2006·37.445 MB·English

by  Joslin, Ronald D., Jones, Gregory S.(eds.)

Applications of Circulation
Control Technologies
Edited by
Ronald D. Joslin
Office of Naval Research
Arlington, Virginia
Gregory S. Jones
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia
Volume 214
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
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University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas
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Preface
T HE GENESIS of this volume originated during the planning of the NASA/
ONR Circulation Control Workshop, which was held March 2004 in
Hampton, Virginia. Over two full days, 30 papers and 4 posters were presented,
with 110 scientists, engineers, and program managers in attendance. This book
was conceived to distribute this rich body of technical information on circulation
control to a broader audience and to provide historical documentation to support
future circulation control applications. Since that workshop, the papers have
been updated and peer-reviewed to arrive at a compilation of the state of the
art in circulation-control technologies.
The goals of this book are 1) to summarize the history and the state of the art
in circulation control technology, 2) to provide a single up-to-date knowledge-
base for circulation control design, analysis, and experimental testing, and 3)
to highlight prediction tools for circulation control. Goals 1 and 2 are clearly
achieved in the chapters by the diverse applications and significant breadth of
insights offered by the experts in this field. Goal 3 is most notably achieved by
the use and discussion of the diverse range of computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) tools for circulation control. Results showing the successful prediction
of performance and inadequacies of some predictions are presented for
completeness.
The book is divided into four sections. The first major section presents a
historical overview of circulation control. Because the overview papers are
very thorough, many of the remaining chapters present brief introductions. The
second major section covers experiments and applications. Section I1 is
divided into A. fundamental flow physics, B. aerospace applications, and C.
nonaerospace applications. The third major section covers CFD-based prediction
tools and some validation with experiments (most of which are detailed in
Section 11). Section I11 is subdivided by the different predictive applications.
Finally, the last section consists of a single chapter, which introduces a vision
for the use of circulation control in a broad spectrum of nonvehicle applications.
Although less rigorous than most chapters, this final chapter exposes the reader to
some new insights into applications of circulation-control technologies.
Ronald D. Joslin
Gregory S. Jones
December 2005
xix
Table of Contents
..............................................
Preface xix
.
I Overview
.
Chapter 1 Advantages of Combining BLC Suction with Circulation
............................
Control High-Lift Generation 3
John L . Loth. West Virginia University. Morgantown. West Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................... 3
Introduction ................................................ 4
Designing a CC Technology Demonstrator STOL Aircraft .................. 5
1974 Flight Testing of the WVU CC Technology Demonstrator .............. 12
1979 CC Flight Tests with a Grumman Aerospace A-6A .................. 16
Conclusions ............................................... 18
References ............................................... 20
.
Chapter 2 Overview of Circulation Control Pneumatic
Aerodynamics: Blown Force and Moment Augmentation and
.......
Modification as Applied Primarily to Fixed-Wing Aircraft 23
Robert J . Englar. Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta. Georgia
Nomenclature .............................................. 23
Introduction ............................................... 24
Coanda Effect ............................................. 25
Applications of Circulation Control. Past and Present .................... 28
Powered Lift and Engine Thrust Deflection ........................... 48
Other Aircraft Applications ..................................... 53
Nonflying Applications of Circulation Control ......................... 57
Conclusions ............................................... 63
References ............................................... 64
.
Chapter 3 Exploratory Investigations of Circulation Control
.......
Technology: Overview for Period 1987-2003 at NSWCCD 69
Robin Imber. Naval Air Systems Command. Patuxent River. Maryland;
Ernest Rogers and Jane Abramson. Naval Surface Warfare
Center-Carderock Division. West Bethesda. Maryland
Nomenclature .............................................. 69
Introduction ............................................... 70
ix
X
Dual-Slotted Cambered Airfoil (LSB) .............................. 70
Self-Driven Rotary Thruster (TIPJET) .............................. 73
Annular Wing (CC-Duct) ...................................... 79
Circular Wing (CC-Disc) ...................................... 85
Miniature Oscillatory Valve (CC-Valve) for Unsteady Wing Load Reduction ..... 91
Dual-Slotted Low Aspect Ratio Wing (CC Hydrofoil) .................... 93
Status of Design Capability ..................................... 99
Conclusions .............................................. 100
References .............................................. 101
1I.A. Experiments and Applications: Fundamental Flow Physics
.
Chapter 4 Measurement and Analysis of Circulation
.....................................
Control Airfoils 105
F. Kevin Owen. Complere Inc., Paczjic Grove. California; Andrew K . Owen.
University of Oxford. Oxford. England. United Kingdom
Nomenclature ............................................. 105
Introduction .............................................. 106
Experimental Details ........................................ 107
Sample Results ............................................ 107
Conclusions .............................................. 112
References .............................................. 112
. . .
Chapter 5 Some Circulation and Separation Control Experiments 113
Dino Cerchie. Eran Halfon. Andreas Hammerich. Gengxin Han. Lutz Taubert.
Lucie.Trouve. Priyank Varghese. and Israel Wygnanski. University of Arizona.
.
Tucson Arizona
Nomenclature ............................................. 113
..............................................
Introduction 114
Discussion of Results ........................................ 118
Conclusions .............................................. 162
Acknowledgments .......................................... 164
References .............................................. 164
. ........
Chapter 6 Noise Reduction Through Circulation Control 167
Scott E . Munro. Krishan K . Ahuja. and Robert J . Englar.
Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta. Georgia
Nomenclature ............................................. 167
Introduction .............................................. 168
Background .............................................. 169
Facilities and Instrumentation ................................... 171
Technical Approach ......................................... 173
Results and Discussion ....................................... 174
xi
Conclusions .............................................. 184
Acknowledgments .......................................... 186
References .............................................. 186
1I.B. Experiments and Applications: Aerospace
.
Chapter 7 Pneumatic Flap Performance for a Two-Dimensional
..............................
Circulation Control Airfoil 191
Gregory S . Jones. NASA Langley Research Center. Hampton. Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................. 191
Introduction .............................................. 192
NASA CC Requirements ..................................... 193
Theoretical Considerations .................................... 195
GACC Airfoil Design ....................................... 202
Experimental Setup ......................................... 207
Airfoil Performance ......................................... 216
Conclusions .............................................. 236
Appendix ............................................... 237
References .............................................. 241
.
Chapter 8 Trailing Edge Circulation Control of an Airfoil at
..............................
Transonic Mach Numbers 245
Michael G . Alexander. Scott G . Anders. and Stuart K . Johnson. NASA Lungley
Research Center. Hampton. Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................. 245
Introduction .............................................. 246
Model Description ......................................... 247
Instrumentation ........................................... 251
Facli ty ................................................. 252
Test Procedures and Conditions ................................. 253
Test Conditions ........................................... 254
Discussion of Results ........................................ 254
Conclusions .............................................. 263
Acknowledgments .......................................... 275
References .............................................. 275
.
Chapter 9 Experimental and Computational Investigation into the
...........
Use of the Coanda Effect on the Bell A821201 Airfoil 277
Gerald Angle 11. Brian O’Hara. Wade Huebsch. and James Smith. West Virginia
University. Morgantown. West Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................. 277
Introduction .............................................. 278
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure ............................ 279
xii
Computational Model and Procedure .............................. 282
Experimental Results ........................................ 285
Computational Results ....................................... 286
Conclusions .............................................. 290
References .............................................. 291
.
Chapter 10 Novel Flow Control Method for Airfoil
................
Performance Enhancement Using Co-Flow Jet 293
Ge-Cheng Zha and Craig D . Paxton. University of Miami. Coral Gables. Florida
Nomenclature. ............................................ 293
Introduction .............................................. 294
Results and Discussion ....................................... 296
Conclusions .............................................. 311
Acknowledgments. ......................................... 312
References .............................................. 312
.
Chapter 11 Experimental Development and Evaluation of
................
Pneumatic Powered-Lift Super-STOL Aircraft 315
Robert J. Englar. Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta. Georgia;
Bryan A . Campbell. NASA Langley Research Center. Hampton. Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................. 315
Introduction .............................................. 316
Experimental Apparatus and Test Techniques. ........................ 320
Wind-Tunnel Evaluations and Results ............................. 321
Comparison of Measurements and Predictions ........................ 331
Potential Applications ....................................... 333
Conclusions .............................................. 333
Acknowledgments. ......................................... 335
References .............................................. 335
. ........
Chapter 12 Use of Circulation Control for Flight Control 337
Steven l? Frith and Norman J. Wood, University of Manchester. Manchester.
England. United Kingdom
Nomenclature. ............................................ 337
Introduction .............................................. 338
Half-Span Cropped-Delta Model ................................ 339
Full-Span UAV Configuration .................................. 345
Conclusions .............................................. 352
Acknowledgments. ......................................... 353
References .............................................. 3 5 3
xiii
1I.C. Experiments and Applications: Nonaerospace
.
Chapter 13 Pneumatic Aerodynamic Technology to Improve
..............
Performance and Control of Automotive Vehicles 357
.
Robert J Englar. Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta. Georgia
Nomenclature. ............................................ 357
Introduction .............................................. 357
Basics of Pneumatic Circulation Control Aerodynamics .................. 358
DOE Pneumatic Heavy Vehicle Model Test Results .................... 360
Pneumatic HV Fuel Economy Testing ............................. 367
Updated Wind Tunnel Evaluations ............................... 371
Pneumatic Sport Utility Vehicles (PSUVs) .......................... 374
Conclusions .............................................. 379
Recommendations .......................................... 380
Acknowledgments .......................................... 381
References .............................................. 381
.
Chapter 14 Aerodynamic Heat Exchanger: A Novel Approach
................
to Radiator Design Using Circulation Control 383
Richard J . Gaeta. Robert J . Englar. and Graham Blaylock.
Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta. Georgia
Nomenclature. ............................................ 383
Introduction .............................................. 383
Technical Approach ......................................... 386
Results ................................................. 389
Conclusions .............................................. 395
Acknowledgments .......................................... 397
References .............................................. 397
1II.A. Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance:
NCCR 1510 Airfoil Test Case
.
Chapter 15 Investigation of Turbulent Coanda Wall Jets Using
.....................................
DNSandRANS 401
Hermann F. Fasel. Andreas Gross. and Stefan Wen. University of Arizona.
Tucson. Arizona
Nomenclature. ............................................ 401
Introduction .............................................. 402
Investigated Configurations .................................... 403
Numerical Approach ........................................ 404
Turbulent Wall Jet on a Circular Cylinder ........................... 405
Circulation Control Airfoil .................................... 415
xiv
Conclusions .............................................. 418
Acknowledgments .......................................... 419
References .............................................. 419
.
Chapter 16 RANS and Detached-Eddy Simulation of the
.......................................
NCCR Airfoil 421
.
Eric G Paterson and Warren J. Baker. Pennsylvania State University.
University Park. Pennsylvania
Nomenclature ............................................. 421
Introduction .............................................. 422
Geometry. Conditions. and Data ................................. 424
Computational Methods ...................................... 425
Grid Generation ........................................... 427
Initial and Boundary Conditions ................................. 429
Results ................................................. 430
Conclusions .............................................. 441
Acknowledgments .......................................... 442
References .............................................. 442
.
Chapter 17 Full Reynolds-Stress Modeling of Circulation
.....................................
Control Airfoils 445
Peter A . Chang 111. Joseph Slomski. Thomas Marino. Michael P. Ebert.
and Jane Abramson. Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock
Division. West Bethesda. Maryland
Nomenclature ............................................. 445
Introduction .............................................. 446
Mathematical Development .................................... 448
Results ................................................. 453
Conclusions .............................................. 465
Acknowledgments .......................................... 465
References .............................................. 465
1II.B. Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance:
NCCR 103RE Airfoil Test Case
.
Chapter 18 Aspects of Numerical Simulation of Circulation
.....................................
Control Airfoils 469
R . Charles Swanson. Christopher L . Rumsey. and Scott G . Anders.
NASA Langley Research Center. Hampton. Virginia
Nomenclature ............................................. 469
Introduction .............................................. 470
GeometryandGrid ......................................... 472
xv
Numerical Method ......................................... 475
Boundary and Initial Conditions ................................. 476
Turbulence Modeling ........................................ 476
Jet Momentum Coefficient .................................... 478
Numerical Results .......................................... 478
Conclusions .............................................. 495
Acknowledgments .......................................... 497
Appendix: Coordinates of 103RE Airfoil ........................... 497
References .............................................. 497
.
Chapter 19 Role of Turbulence Modeling in Flow Prediction of
.............................
Circulation Control Airfoils 499
Gregory McGowan. Ashok Gopalarathnam. Xudong Xiao. and Hassan Hassan.
North Carolina State University. Raleigh. North Carolina
Nomenclature ............................................. 499
Introduction .............................................. 500
Formulation of the Problem .................................... 501
Results and Discussion ....................................... 502
Conclusions .............................................. 510
Acknowledgments .......................................... 510
References .............................................. 510
1II.C. Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance:
GACC Airfoil Test Case
.
Chapter 20 Simulation of Steady Circulation Control for the
...........
General Aviation Circulation Control (GACC) Wing 513
Warren J . Baker and Eric G . Paterson. Pennsylvania State University.
University Park. Pennsylvania
Nomenclature ............................................. 513
Introduction .............................................. 514
Geometry. Conditions. and Data ................................. 515
Computational Methods ...................................... 516
Grid Generation ........................................... 518
Initial and Boundary Conditions ................................. 521
Computational Resources ..................................... 523
Results ................................................. 523
Conclusions .............................................. 536
Acknowledgments .......................................... 537
References .............................................. 53 7