appendix a list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols

129 Pages·2011·2.92 MB·English

APPENDIX A
LIST OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS,
AND SYMBOLS
(cid:1)C DegreesCelsius AFB AirForceBase
(cid:1)F DegreesFahrenheit AFCEE AirForceCenterforEngineer-
(cid:1)K DegreesKelvin ingandtheEnvironment(pre-
(aq) Aqueousphase viouslytheAirForceCenterfor
(g) Gasphase EnvironmentalExcellence)
(s) Solidphase ANT Anthracene
mg Microgram(s) AOP Advancedoxidationprocess
mg/kg Microgram(s)perkilogram ARAMS AdaptiveRiskManagement
mg/L Microgram(s)perliter ModelingSystem
mm Micrometer ARAR Applicableorrelevantand
mM Micromolar appropriaterequirements
1,1-DCA 1,1-Dichloroethane AS Airsparging
1,1-DCE 1,1-Dichloroethene ASCE AmericanSocietyforCivil
1,2-DCA 1,2-Dichloroethane Engineering
1,1,1-TCA 1,1,1-Trichloroethane ASTM AmericanSocietyforTesting
1,1,2-TCA 1,1,2-Trichloroethane andMaterials
1,1,1,2-TeCA 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane atm Atmosphere
1,1,2,2-TeCA 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane ATSDR AgencyforToxicSubstances
1,2,4-TMB 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene andDiseaseRegistry
1,3,5-TMB 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene BaA Benz(a)anthracene
1-D Onedimensional BaP Benzo(a)pyrene
2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid BbF Benzo(b)fluoranthene
2,4,5-T 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic bgs Belowgroundsurface
acid BkF Benzo(k)fluoranthene
2-CP 2-Chlorophenol BPLM By-productlikematerial
2-D Twodimensional BTEX Benzene,toluene,ethylben-
3-D Threedimensional zene,andtotalxylenes
AACE AssociationfortheAdvance- BTOC Belowtopofcasing
mentofCostEngineering CAD Computeraideddesign
AACEI AmericanAssociationofthe CB Chlorobenzene
AdvancementofCostEngi- CCMS CommitteeonChallengesfor
neeringInternational ModernSociety
ACC AmericanChemistryCouncil CDISCO ConceptualDesignforISCO
ACE Acenaphthene CERCLA ComprehensiveEnvironmental
ACL Alternative(risk-based) Response,Compensation,and
cleanuplevel LiabilityAct
R.L.Siegristetal.(eds.),InSituChemicalOxidationforGroundwaterRemediation, 547
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4,#SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011
548 ListofAcronyms,Abbreviations,andSymbols
CFR CodeofFederalRegulations EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
CFU Colonyformingunits acid
CHP Catalyzedhydrogenperoxide EFR Enhancedfluidrecovery
CHR Chrysene Eh Redoxpotential
cis-DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene EISB Enhancedinsitu
cm Centimeter bioremediation
cm/s Centimeter(s)persecond EPCRA EmergencyPlanningand
CMC Criticalmicelleconcentration CommunityRighttoKnowAct
CMT Continuousmultichannel EPRI ElectricalPowerResearch
tubing Institute
COC Contaminantofconcern ERD Enhancedreductivedechlori-
COD Chemicaloxygendemand nation
CORT3D Chemicaloxidationreactive ERI Electricalresistivityimaging
transportinthree-dimensions ESTCP EnvironmentalSecurityTech-
CP Conepenetrometer nologyCertificationProgram
CPT Conepenetrometertesting FA Fulvicacid
CSI ConstructionSpecification FID Flameionizationdetector
Institute FLA Fluoranthene
CSIA Compoundspecificisotopic FLU Fluorine
analysis f Fractionalorganiccarbon
oc
CSM Conceptualsitemodel content
CSTR Continuouslystirredtank FRTR FederalRemediation
reactor TechnologyRoundtable
CT Carbontetrachloride FS FeasibilityStudy
CTL Cleanuptargetlevel ft Feet
cuft Cubicfeet ft/d Feetperday
CVOC Chlorinatedvolatileorganic g Gram
compound G&A Generalandadministrative
cy Cubicyard g/cm3 Gram(s)percubiccentimeter
d Day g/kg Gram(s)perkilogram
DCDD 2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin g/L Gram(s)perliter
DCE Dichloroethene g/mol Gram(s)permole
DI Deionized gal Gallon(s)
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid GAO U.S.GovernmentAccountabil-
DNAPL Densenonaqueousphaseliquid ityOffice
DNT Dinitrotoluene GC Gaschromatography/
DO Dissolvedoxygen chromatograph
DOC Dissolvedorganiccarbon GHG Greenhousegas
DoD DepartmentofDefense gpm Gallon(s)perminute
DOE U.S.DepartmentofEnergy GW Groundwater
DPE Dualphaseextraction HA Humicacid
DPT Directpushtechnology ha Hectare
DQO Dataqualityobjective HAZWOPER HazardousWasteOperations
DRO Diesel-rangeorganics andEmergencyResponse
DWP Dynamicworkplan HBCD Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin
E(cid:1) Standardreductionpotential HCA Hexachloroethane
E Activationenergy HCBD Hexachlorobutadiene
a
ea Each HEDPA 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-dipho-
Ec Specificconductance sphonicacid
EC Electricalconductivity HMP Hexametaphosphate
ECD Electroncapturedetector HMX Tetrahexaminetetranitramine
ListofAcronyms,Abbreviations,andSymbols 549
h Hour min Minute
HSMmodel Hoigne´,StaehelinandBader MIP Membraneinterfaceprobe
model mL Milliliter
IDQTF IntergovernmentalData MLS Multilevelsampler
QualityTaskForce mm Millimeter
IDW Investigativederivedwaste mM Millimolar
in. Inch mmol Millimole
ISCO Insituchemicaloxidation MNA Monitorednaturalattenuation
ISCR Insituchemicalreduction mol Mole
ISS Insitustabilization MSDS MaterialSafetyDataSheet
ITRC InterstateTechnology& MTBE Methyltert-butylether
RegulatoryCouncil mV Millivolt
J Joules MW Monitoringwell
K Saturatedhydrauliccondu- NA Naturalattenuation
ctivity NAP Naphthalene
K Distributioncoefficient NAPL Nonaqueousphaseliquid
d
kg Kilogram NAS NavalAirStation
kJ Kilojoules NASA U.S.NationalAeronauticsand
K Organiccarbonpartition SpaceAdministration
OC
coefficient NATO NorthAtlanticTreaty
K Octanol-waterpartition Organization
OW
coefficient NAVFAC NavalFacilitiesEngineering
L Liter Command
lb Pound nCi Nanocurries
lbm Pound-mass NDMA N-nitrosodimethylamine
LCA Lifecycleassessment NHE Normalhydrogenelectrode
LEA Localequilibriumassumption nm Nanometers
lf Linearfoot(feet) NOD Naturaloxidantdemand
LIF Laser-inducedfluorescence NOM Naturalorganicmatter
LNAPL Lightnonaqueousphaseliquid NPL Nationalprioritieslist
LPM Lowpermeabilitymedia NPV Netpresentvalue
LS Lumpsum NRC NationalResearchCouncil
LTHA Lowtemperatureheatactivation NSB Navalsubmarinebase
LTM Longtermmonitoring NSF60 National Sanitation Foundation
LUST Leakingundergroundstorage International Standard 60
tank NTA Nitrilotriaceticacid
m Meter NTC NavalTrainingCenter
M Mass,molar O&G Oilandgrease
MAROS MonitoringandRemediation O&M Operationandmaintenance
OptimizationSystem OAM Oxidizableaquifermaterial
MBT Molecularbiologicaltools OCDD Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
MCACES MicroComputerAidedCost ORP Oxidation-reductionpotential
EngineeringSystem OSHA OccupationalSafetyHealth
MCB Monochlorobenzene Administration
MCL Maximumcontaminantlevel OSWER OfficeofSolidWasteand
meq/L Milliequivalent(s)perliter EmergencyResponse
mg Milligram OU Operableunit
mg/kg Milligram(s)perkilogram P&ID ProcessandInstrumentation
mg/L Milligram(s)perliter Diagram
MGP Manufacturedgasplant P&T Pump-and-treat
550 ListofAcronyms,Abbreviations,andSymbols
PAH Polycyclicaromatichydrocar- rRNA Ribosomalribonucleicacid
bons RT3D Reactivetransportinthree
PBB Polybrominatedbiphenyls dimensions
PCB Polychlorinatedbiphenyl s Second(s)
PCE Perchloroethene(alsotermed SADA Spatialanalysisanddecision
perchloroethyleneortetra- assistance
chloroethylene) SDS Sodiumdodecylsulfate
PCP Pentachlorophenol SDWA SafeDrinkingWaterAct
PCR Polymerasechainreaction SEAR Surfactantenhancedaquifer
PDB Passivediffusionbag remediation
Pe Pe´cletnumber SEM Scanningelectronmicroscope
PFM Passivefluxmeter (ormicroscopy)
PHE Phenanthrene SER Steamenhancedremediation
PLFA Phospholipid-derivedfattyacids SERDP StrategicEnvironmental
PID Photoionizationdetector ResearchandDevelopment
PITT Partitioninginterwelltracertest Program
pKa Aciddissociationconstant sf Squarefoot(feet)
PLC Processlogiccontroller SOD Soiloxidantdemand
PLFA Phospholipidfattyacids SOM Soilorganicmatter
PNNL PacificNorthwestNational SRB Sulfate-reducingbacteria
Laboratory St Stantonnumber
ppb Part(s)perbillion STP Standardtemperature(20(cid:1)C)
PPE Personalprotectiveequipment andpressure(1atm)
ppm Part(s)permillion STPP Sodiumtriphosphate
PRB Permeablereactivebarrier SURF SustainableRemediationForum
PRG Preliminaryremedialgoal(s) SVE Soilvaporextraction
psi Poundspersquareinch SVOC Semivolatileorganic
PV Porevolume compound
PVC Polyvinylchloride T-RFLP Terminalrestrictionfragment
PYR Pyrene lengthpolymorphism
QA Qualityassurance TAME Tert-amylmethylether
QAPP QualityAssuranceProjectPlan TAT Turnaroundtime
QC Qualitycontrol TBA Tert-butylalcohol
qPCR Quantitativepolymerasechain TBF Tert-butylformate
reaction TCA Trichloroethane
R&D Researchanddevelopment TCDD 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
RACER Remedialactioncostengineer- p-dioxin
ingandrequirements TCE Trichloroethene
RAO Remedialactionobjective TDS Totaldissolvedsolids
RCRA ResourceConservationand TEA Terminalelectronacceptor
RecoveryAct TMB Trimethylbenzene
RCRA-CA RCRACorrectiveAction TNT 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
RDX Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- TOC Totalorganiccarbon
triazineorRoyalDemolition TOD Totaloxidantdemand
eXplosive TPH Totalpetroleumhydrocarbons
RG Remedialgoal(s) trans-DCE trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
RI Remedialinvestigation TSA Trypticsoyagar
RIP Remedyinplace TTZ Targettreatmentzone
RNS RibbonNAPLsampler UCL Upperconfidencelimit
ROD Recordofdecision UFP-QAPP UniformFederalPolicyfor
ROI Radiusofinfluence QualityAssuranceProjectPlan
ListofAcronyms,Abbreviations,andSymbols 551
UIC Undergroundinjectioncontrol
USEPA U.S.EnvironmentalProtection
Agency
USP UnitedStatesPharmacopeia
UST Undergroundstoragetank
UV Ultraviolet
V Volt
v/v Volumetovolumeratio
VC Vinylchloride
VE ValueEngineering
VOC Volatileorganiccompound
WDR Wastedischargerequirements
wk Week
wt. Weight
wt.% Weightpercentage
ZVI Zero-valentiron
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Ag Silver Fe(OH) Ferrichydroxide
3
Al Aluminum a-FeOOH Goethite
As Arsenic FeSO (cid:4)7H O Ferroussulfateheptahy-
4 2
Br Bromide drate
–COOH Carboxylfunctionalgroup H(cid:4)+ Hydrogenion
C–OH Hydroxylfunctionalgroup H Solvatedhydrogenatom
C¼O Carbonylfunctionalgroup HCl Hydrogenchloride
Ca Calcium HCO(cid:4)(cid:3) Bicarbonate
3
CaCO Calciumcarbonate HCO Bicarbonateradical
3 3
CaO Calciumperoxide HMnO Protonatedformof
2 4
Cd Cadmium (cid:4) permanganate
CH Methane HO Perhydroxylradical
4 2
CHCl Chloroform HO(cid:4)(cid:3) Hydroperoxideanion
3 2
Cl(cid:3) Chlorideion HO(cid:4) Hydrogentrioxide
3
Cl(cid:4) Chlorinegas HO Hydrogentetraoxide
2 4
Cl (cid:3) (cid:4) Dichlorideradicalanion H O Hydrogenperoxide
2 2 2
ClHCD Chloro-hydroxy-cyclohexa- H O Trioxidane
2 3
(cid:3)
dienylradical HS Bisulfide
Co Cobalt I Iodide
CO Carbondioxide K Potassium
2
CO(cid:4)2(cid:3) Carbonate KMnO Potassiumpermanganate
3 4
(cid:3)
CO Carbonateradical KOH Potassiumhydroxide
3
COCl Phosgenegas Mg Magnesium
2
Cr Chromium Mn Manganese
Cu Copper Mn2+ Manganeseion
F Fluoride Mn(VII) Heptavalentmanganese
Fe Iron MnCO Rhodochrosite
3
Fe(II) Ferrousiron MnO Manganesedioxide
2
Fe(III) Ferriciron MnO 2(cid:3) Manganateion
2
Fe(IV) FerrylironorFeO2+ a-MnO Hollandite
2
FeCl Ferricchloride b-MnO Pyrolusite
3 2
Fe(ClO ) (cid:4)6H O Ferricperchlorate d-MnO Birnessite
4 3 2 2
FeCO Siderite g-MnO Nsutite
3 2
(cid:3)
Fe O Hematite MnO Permanganateanion
2 3 4
Fe O Magnetite MnO 2(cid:3) Greenmanganateion
3 4 4
Fe O (cid:4)0.5H O Ferrihydrite Mn O Manganate
2 3 2 2 3
552
ChemicalFormulas 553
Mn O Hausmannite
3 4
Mn(OH) Pyrochroite
2
MnOOH Manganite
MnSO Manganese(II)sulfate
4
Mo Molybdenum
Na Sodium
–NH Aminofunctionalgroup
2
NH + Ammonia
3
–NO Nitrofunctionalgroup
2
(cid:3)
NO Nitrate
3
N Nitrogengas
2
N O Nitrousoxide
2
NaCl Sodiumchloride
NaMnO Sodiumpermanganate
4
NaOH Sodiumhydroxide
Na CO (cid:4)1.5H O Sodiumpercarbonate
2 3 2 2
Na S O Sodiumpersulfate
2 2 8
Ni(cid:4) Nickel
(cid:3)
O Oxideradical
O Oxygen
2
1O(cid:4) Singletoxygen
2
(cid:3)
O Superoxideradical
2
O Ozone
3
O (cid:3)(cid:4) Ozonide
3
OH Hydroxylradical
(cid:3)
OH Hydroxideanion
–OH Hydroxylfunctionalgroup
Pb Lead
PO 3(cid:3) Phosphate
4
S Sulfur
–SO H Sulfonatefunctionalgroup
3
SO(cid:4)2(cid:3) Sulfate
4
(cid:3)
SO Sulfateradical
4
SO(cid:4)2(cid:3) Persulfateanion
4
(cid:3)
SO Peroxymonosulfateradical
5
SO 2(cid:3) Peroxymonosulfate
5
S O 2(cid:3) Persulfateion
2 8
Ti Titanium
U uranium
Zn Zinc
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS (FROM CHAPTERS 2–6)
Chapter2 kLa Bulkmasstransferrate
A Arrheniusfrequencyfactor coefficient
C,C ,C Concentrationsofscavengers K Contaminantorganiccarbon
1 2 3 oc
and/ortargetreactants partitioncoefficient
Creactant1 Theconcentrationofthereactant n Porosity
ofinterest R Gasconstant(8.314joules[J]
Creactant2 Theconcentrationoftheother K(cid:3)1 mol(cid:3)1)
reactant t Time
Ea Activationenergyofthereaction T Temperature(Kelvin[K])
k Specificreactionrateconstant V Totalvolume
k2 Second-orderrateconstant Xn Molefractionofthecontami-
kp1 Pseudofirst-orderrateconstant nantintheNAPLmixture
Chapter3 Chapter4
a Reactionorderwithrespectto A Arrheniusfrequencyfactor
theorganic[A] Ea Activationenergyofthereaction
b Reactionorderwithrespectto foc Fractionoforganiccarbon
theoxidant[B] (unitless)
y Porosity k Kineticreactionrateconstant
rB Soilbulkdensity Kd Distributioncoefficientrepre-
Af Arrheniusfrequencyfactor sentingthedistributionofsorbed
Ce Effectiveaqueoussolubility versusaqueouscontaminantmass
limitofacontaminant Koc Contaminant-organiccarbon
CS Saturationconcentrationofthe partitioningcoefficient(L/kg)
DNAPL pKa Dissociationconstant
Cs Solubilitylimitofthecontami- R Idealgasconstant
nantinpuresolution T Absolutetemperature
Ea Activationenergyofthereaction
fkoc FSrpaecctiifoincroefaoctrigoannricatceacrboonnstant Ck2hapter5 Second-orderrateconstant
k’ Pseudo-first-orderrateconstant Chapter6
k2 Second-orderreactionrate Dh/Dx Hydraulicgradient
constant forn Porousmediaporosity
Kd Distributioncoefficientfor feff Effectiveporousmediaporosity
contaminantbetweenaqueous lcont Linearsorptioncoefficient
andorganicmatterphases (L3 M(cid:3)1)
554
MathematicalSymbols(fromChapters 2–6) 555
mw Aqueousphasedynamic of oxidant with the ith NOD
viscosity(ML(cid:3)1T(cid:3)1) component depleting oxidant
yn VolumetricNAPLcontent kLa NAPLdissolutionrateorlumped
yw Watercontent(equaltofefffor masstransfercoefficient(T(cid:3)1)
thefullywatersaturatedcase) kNOD First-orderoxidationratefor
i
rB Porousmediabulkdensity NODcomponenti(T(cid:3)1)
rw Aqueousphasedensity(ML3) kNODf First-orderoxidationrateforfast
∑Rn Reactionterm(ML(cid:3)3T(cid:3)1) NODsites(T(cid:3)1)
n Advectiveflowvelocity(LT(cid:3)1) kr,w Relativewaterpermeability
forsaturatedsubsurface ks Second-orderslowNODcon-
materials sumptionrate
x Rate-limitedsorptionmass Ks Saturatedhydraulicconductivity
transfercoefficient(T(cid:3)1) (LT(cid:3)1)
b Empiricalexponentrelatedtothe K ,K ,K Hydraulicconductivityalongthe
xx yy zz
typeofporousmedia x,y,andzcoordinateaxes
c* Aqueous solubility limit of the correspondingtothex,y,andz
solublecomponent(ML(cid:3)3) axesofhydraulicconductivity
c1 Aqueoussoluteconcentration (LT(cid:3)1)
(ML(cid:3)3)ofthebulksolution L Characteristicordissolution
Coxidant Concentrationofoxidant(ML(cid:3)3) lengthintheflowdirection(L)
Csk Concentrationofthesourceor qs Volumetricflowrateperunit
sinkfluxofspeciesk(ML(cid:3)3) volumeofaquiferrepresenting
d50 Representative(median)grain fluidsources(positive)andsinks
size(L) (negative)(T(cid:3)1)
Da(I) Damkohler number (dimension- R Retardationfactor
less) (dimensionless)
dc1/dt Rateofchangeofaqueouscon- Re Reynoldsnumber
centrationpertime(ML(cid:3)3T(cid:3)1) (dimensionless)
De Effectivediffusioncoefficients Sc Schmidtnumber(dimensionless)
(L2T(cid:3)1) Sh Sherwoodnumber(dimension-
Dij Hydrodynamicdispersion less)
coefficienttensor(L2T(cid:3)1) Sn Saturationofimmobilecompo-
dM Diameterofa“medium”sand nentintheporespace
grain Sr,w Residualwatersaturationforthe
Dm Moleculardiffusioncoefficient porousmedia
(L2T(cid:3)1) S Specificstorageoftheporous
s
dXi/dt Rateofchangeinmassfraction medium(L(cid:3)1)
forcomponentiwithtime t Time(T)
dXNOD=dt RateofchangeinmassofNOD (cid:1)u Averagelineargroundwater
i
componentiwithtime velocity(LT(cid:3)1)
h Hydraulichead(L) W Volumetric flux per unit volume
K Subsurfacehydraulicconductiv- representingsourcesandsinksof
ity(LT(cid:3)1) fluid(T(cid:3)1)
ki First-orderoxidantdepletion x DistanceintotheresidualNAPL
rateforthereactionofoxidant sourceinthedirectionofflow(L)
withtheithNODcomponent Xi MassfractionoftheithNOD
depletingoxidant componentdepletingoxidant
k2 NODi Second-orderoxidationratefor XNODi MassfractionofNODcompo-
NODcomponenti(L3M(cid:3)1T(cid:3)1) nenti(MM(cid:3)1)
k2i Appropriatesecond-orderoxidant XNODf MassfractionofNODsiteswith
depletionrateforthereaction afasteroxidationrate(MM(cid:3)1)
556 MathematicalSymbols(fromChapters 2–6)
XNOD MassfractionofNODsiteswith
s
asloweroxidationrate(MM(cid:3)1)
Xsorb Massfractionofsorbedcon-
taminantintheporousmedia
(MM(cid:3)1)
Xsorb Massfractionofsorbedcon-
taminantinthesoil(MM(cid:3)1)
Yi/j Stoichiometricmolarmassratio
ofcomponentitocomponentj