Table Of Content00 0672322749 FM 3/18/04 1:49 PM Page i
Apache
A D M I N I S T R AT O R ’ S H A N D B O O K
Rich Bowen
Daniel Lõpez Ridruejo
Allan Liska
800 East 96th St.,Indianapolis,Indiana,46240 USA
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Apache Administrator’s Handbook ACQUISITIONSEDITORS
Shelley Johnston
Copyright 2002 by Sams Publishing Jennifer Kost-Barker
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced,stored in a DEVELOPMENTEDITOR
retrieval system,or transmitted by any means,electronic,mechanical,photo- Heather Goodell
copying,recording,or otherwise,without written permission from the pub-
lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information MANAGINGEDITOR
contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation Charlotte Clapp
of this book,the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or PROJECTEDITOR
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
Elizabeth Finney
the information contained herein.
PRODUCTIONEDITOR
International Standard Book Number:0-672-32274-9
Chip Gardner
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:2001092348
INDEXER
Printed in the United States of America
Aamir Burki
First Printing:March 2002
PROOFREADER
05 04 03 4 3 2 Melissa Lynch
Trademarks TECHNICALEDITORS
Carlos Ramirez
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service Allan Liska
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to Patrick Grip-Jansson
the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be
TEAMCOORDINATOR
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Amy Patton
Warning and Disclaimer INTERIORDESIGNER
Anne Jones
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible,but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on COVERDESIGNER
an “as is”basis. The authors and the publisher shall have neither liability nor Aren Howell
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages aris-
PAGELAYOUT
ing from the information contained in this book.
Brad Lenser
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Overview
Introduction 1
Part I Installing and Configuring Your Apache Server
1 Getting Started 7
2 Acquiring and Installing Your Apache Server 17
3 Starting,Stopping,and Restarting 27
4 Configuration Directives 35
5 Configuration Utilities 53
6 .htaccessfiles—Per-Directory Configuration 71
7 Virtual Hosts 79
Part II Advanced Configuration Techniques
8 MIME and File Types 91
9 URL Mapping 101
10 Content Negotiation 109
11 Directory Indexing 117
12 Apache on Microsoft Windows 137
13 Performance Tuning 149
Part III Dynamic Content
14 Handlers and Filters 161
15 CGI Programs 175
16 Server-Side Includes 195
17 mod_perl 209
18 PHP 225
Part IV Security and Auditing
19 Apache Security 247
20 Security in Dynamic Content 267
21 Authentication,Authorization,and Access Control 283
22 SSL 301
23 Web Spiders 317
24 Logging 327
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Part V Modules
25 Introduction to Apache Modules 349
26 Modules Included with Apache 357
27 Special-Purpose Apache Modules 369
Part VI Appendixes
A The Apache Software License 377
B Configure Command-Line Options 381
C Regular Expressions 387
D mod_perlExample Code 391
E Apache History 395
F Where to Get More Information 399
Index 405
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Contents
Introduction
What Is Apache? ....................................................................................1
Why Use Apache? ..................................................................................1
Who Else Is Using Apache? ..................................................................1
Who Is This Book For? ..........................................................................2
What’s with the Quotes? ........................................................................3
Conventions Used in This Book ............................................................3
Errata,Updates,and More Information ..................................................3
Part I Installing and Configuring Your Apache Server
1 Getting Started 7
Choosing a Web Server ..........................................................................8
Compatibility Requirements ..............................................................8
Existing Knowledge ..........................................................................8
Executive Edict ..................................................................................8
The Customer ....................................................................................8
Hardware and Software Requirements ..................................................9
Connectivity ............................................................................................9
Should I Host Somewhere Else,or Do It Myself? ..............................10
Connectivity ....................................................................................10
Reliable Connection ........................................................................10
How Much Access Do You Need? ..................................................11
Questions To Ask Your ISP ..................................................................11
Shared Space,Dedicated Server,Colloc? ......................................11
What Happens When Something Goes Wrong? ............................12
Backups? ..........................................................................................12
Installing Software ..........................................................................12
FTP,Telnet,SCP,SSH:Getting Content To Your Site ........................13
Telnet and SSH—Connecting To the Server ..................................13
FTP and SCP—Getting Content To Your Server ............................14
Summary ..............................................................................................15
2 Acquiring and Installing Your Apache Server 17
Overview for the Impatient ..................................................................18
Where Do I Get It? ..............................................................................18
Unpacking the Source ..........................................................................19
The Source Tree ....................................................................................20
cgi-bin ............................................................................................20
conf..................................................................................................20
htdocs ..............................................................................................20
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APACHEADMINISTRATOR’SHANDBOOK
icons................................................................................................21
logs..................................................................................................21
src ..................................................................................................21
Installing Binary Distributions ............................................................21
Installing on Windows ....................................................................22
Binary Versus Source Installation ..................................................22
configure..............................................................................................23
Configuration Options ....................................................................24
Directory and Filenames ................................................................24
Host Type ........................................................................................24
Features and Packages ....................................................................25
A Default Installation ......................................................................25
make && make install ........................................................................25
Summary ..............................................................................................26
3 Starting, Stopping, and Restarting 27
apachectl..............................................................................................28
httpd ....................................................................................................29
Starting and Stopping with httpd ..................................................29
Command-Line Flags ......................................................................30
Starting on System Startup ..................................................................30
Microsoft Windows ..............................................................................31
Starting from the Command Line ..................................................32
Installing as a Service ......................................................................32
Starting and Stopping Your Apache Service ..................................32
Console Application ........................................................................33
Summary ..............................................................................................34
4 Configuration Directives 35
Configuration Files ..............................................................................36
Configuration File Syntax ....................................................................37
Directives ........................................................................................37
Sections ............................................................................................38
Comments ........................................................................................42
Specifying a Different Configuration File ............................................43
Testing Your Configuration ..................................................................43
Including Directories ......................................................................46
Options:Turning on Features ..............................................................47
General Syntax ................................................................................47
ExecCGI ............................................................................................47
FollowSymLinks ..............................................................................48
SymLinksIfOwnerMatch....................................................................49
Includes ..........................................................................................49
IncludesNOEXEC ..............................................................................49
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CONTENTS
Indexes ............................................................................................49
MultiViews ......................................................................................50
All ..................................................................................................50
None..................................................................................................50
Configuration Security Considerations ..........................................50
Summary ..............................................................................................51
5 Configuration Utilities 53
GUIs and Configuration Files ..............................................................54
Webmin ................................................................................................55
Existing Webmin Installation ..........................................................55
Installation ......................................................................................56
Starting Webmin ..............................................................................58
Using Webmin ................................................................................58
Comanche ............................................................................................64
Installation ......................................................................................65
Using Comanche ............................................................................66
Summary ..............................................................................................70
6 .htaccess files—Per-Directory Configuration 71
AccessFileName ....................................................................................72
AllowOverride ......................................................................................73
AuthConfig(Authentication) ..........................................................73
FileInfo ..........................................................................................74
Indexes ............................................................................................74
Limit................................................................................................75
Options ............................................................................................75
All ..................................................................................................75
None..................................................................................................75
Caveats and Limitations ......................................................................76
Performance ....................................................................................76
Security ............................................................................................77
Summary ..............................................................................................78
7 Virtual Hosts 79
IP-Based Virtual Hosts ..........................................................................80
Setting Up Multiple IP Addresses ..................................................80
Configuring the Virtual Host ..........................................................81
Name-Based Virtual Hosts ....................................................................82
Port-Based Virtual Hosts ......................................................................83
Bulk Virtual Hosting ............................................................................84
Per-vhostConfiguration Files ........................................................84
mod_vhost_alias ............................................................................85
Running Multiple Daemons ..................................................................87
Summary ..............................................................................................88
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APACHEADMINISTRATOR’SHANDBOOK
Part II Advanced Configuration Techniques
8 MIME and File Types 91
MIME and HTTP ..................................................................................92
MIME Types Configuration Directives ................................................92
MIME Types Configuration ............................................................93
Encoding ..............................................................................................95
AddEncoding ..................................................................................95
RemoveEncoding ............................................................................96
Character Sets and Languages ..............................................................96
AddCharset ......................................................................................97
RemoveCharset ................................................................................97
AddLanguage ....................................................................................97
RemoveLanguage ..............................................................................97
DefaultLanguage ............................................................................98
Files with Multiple Extensions ............................................................98
Handlers ................................................................................................98
Summary ..............................................................................................99
9 URL Mapping 101
Location ..............................................................................................102
Alias ..................................................................................................102
ScriptAlias ........................................................................................103
AliasMatchand ScriptAliasMatch ....................................................103
Redirect ............................................................................................104
RedirectMatch ..............................................................................105
RedirectTempand RedirectPermanent ........................................105
DocumentRoot ......................................................................................105
Error Documents ................................................................................106
URL Rewriting ..................................................................................107
Summary ............................................................................................107
10 Content Negotiation 109
Client Preference ................................................................................110
Accept Headers ..............................................................................111
Quality Factor ................................................................................111
Negotiation Methods ..........................................................................112
Type Map File ..............................................................................112
MultiViews ....................................................................................114
Noncompliant Browsers ....................................................................115
Caching ..............................................................................................116
Summary ............................................................................................116
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CONTENTS
11 Directory Indexing 117
DirectoryIndex ..................................................................................118
Options +Indexes ..............................................................................119
IndexOptions—”Fancy”Indexing ....................................................119
IndexOptionsSyntax ....................................................................120
FancyIndexing ..............................................................................120
DescriptionWidth ........................................................................121
AddIcon ..........................................................................................121
FoldersFirst ................................................................................123
HTMLTable ......................................................................................123
Icon Dimensions ............................................................................123
IconsAreLinks ..............................................................................124
IgnoreClient..................................................................................124
NameWidth ......................................................................................124
ScanHTMLTitles ............................................................................125
SuppressColumnSorting ................................................................125
SuppressDescription ..................................................................126
SuppressHTMLPreamble..................................................................126
SuppressIcon ................................................................................126
SuppressLastModified..................................................................126
SuppressRules ..............................................................................126
SuppressSize ................................................................................127
TrackModified ..............................................................................127
VersionSort ..................................................................................127
AddDescription ..................................................................................128
Headers and Footers ..........................................................................129
Ignoring Files ......................................................................................129
Searching and Sorting ........................................................................130
Sorting in Version 1.3 ....................................................................130
Sorting in Version 2.0 ....................................................................131
IndexOrderDefault ......................................................................133
Examples ............................................................................................133
Example 1 ......................................................................................133
Example 2 ......................................................................................134
Indexing Security Concerns ................................................................134
Summary ............................................................................................134
