Table Of Content

AP US History A Crash Course Study Guide Copyright © 2015 by Learnerator Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Neither this book nor any portion thereof may be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission. Published in the United States of America. Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l4e arnerator.com Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 About Us ................................................................................................................................... 5 Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life ............................................. 6 Spread of Maize Cultivation ........................................................................................................................... 6 Diversity of Native People ............................................................................................................................... 6 Algonquin Village Life ....................................................................................................................................... 8 The Wrap Up .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Period 1 (1491-1607): European Interactions ...................................................... 9 Impact of European Contact .......................................................................................................................... 9 Atlantic Slave Trade ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Agricultural Impact of Trade ...................................................................................................................... 12 New World Food ............................................................................................................................................... 12 World Trade Patterns ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Hernando De Soto ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Christopher Columbus ................................................................................................................................... 14 Bartolomé de las Casas .................................................................................................................................. 14 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 Period 1 (1491-1607): Consequences of European Contact ....................... 16 Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda ................................................................................................................................ 16 Acoma Indians ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Brazilian Maroons ............................................................................................................................................ 18 White Over Black .............................................................................................................................................. 20 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Period 2 (1607-1754): Patterns of Colonization .............................................. 22 Brief Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 22 The South .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 New England ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 Looking Ahead ................................................................................................................................................... 24 Period 2 (1607-1754): Intercultural Contact and Conflict ......................... 26 Brief Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Native Relations ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Slavery and Servitude ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Phillis Wheatley ................................................................................................................................................. 29 Runaway Slaves ................................................................................................................................................. 29 White and Black Populations ..................................................................................................................... 30 Native American Conflicts ........................................................................................................................... 31 Period 2 (1607-1754): Atlantic World Political, Economic, and Cultural Exchanges ......................................................................................................... 33 Brief Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Colonial Economies ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Conflict of Cultures .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l5e arnerator.com Period 3 (1754-1800): American Independence and Colonial and British Conflicts ................................................................................................................ 37 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Colonial Unity .................................................................................................................................................... 38 British and Indian Relations ....................................................................................................................... 40 Thomas Paine's Common Sense ............................................................................................................... 41 American Independence ............................................................................................................................... 42 Ensuring Independence ................................................................................................................................ 44 Washington’s Farewell Address ................................................................................................................ 46 Impact of French Revolution ...................................................................................................................... 46 European Rivalry .............................................................................................................................................. 47 American Indian Relations .......................................................................................................................... 48 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 Period 3 (1754-1800): Democratic Ideas and Republican Governments .................................................................................................................................................... 50 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Enlightenment and Religious Fervor ..................................................................................................... 50 Independence Movements ........................................................................................................................... 52 Critical Period ..................................................................................................................................................... 53 Constitutional Convention ........................................................................................................................... 54 Early Government ............................................................................................................................................ 55 Revolutionary Changes .................................................................................................................................. 56 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 57 Period 3 (1754-1800): Internal Migration, Interaction, and Competition ......................................................................................................................... 58 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 58 Scots-Irish ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 March of the Paxton Boys ............................................................................................................................ 59 Battle of Fallen Timbers ................................................................................................................................ 59 Frontier vs. Tidewater Virginia ................................................................................................................. 60 Corridos and Vaqueros ................................................................................................................................. 61 Period 4 (1800-1848): Developments in Technology, Agriculture, and Commerce ............................................................................................................................ 63 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Expanding the Markets ................................................................................................................................. 63 Factory Workers ................................................................................................................................................ 65 King Cotton and the Slave Trade .............................................................................................................. 66 Creating a National Economy .................................................................................................................... 67 Forced Migrations ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Opening the West ............................................................................................................................................. 69 European Migrants .......................................................................................................................................... 71 The Isolated South ........................................................................................................................................... 72 Effects of Market Revolution ...................................................................................................................... 73 Regional Politics ................................................................................................................................................ 74 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 74 Period 4 (1800-1848): Mass Democracy, National Culture, and Institutional Reform ...................................................................................................... 76 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l6e arnerator.com General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Debates Over Power and Rights ............................................................................................................... 76 Supreme Court Decisions ............................................................................................................................. 80 Economic Policies and Concerns .............................................................................................................. 81 Southern Defense of Slavery ....................................................................................................................... 83 Promoting Reform ........................................................................................................................................... 84 Fight for Emancipation ................................................................................................................................. 86 New National Culture ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Developing Regional and Counter-Cultures ....................................................................................... 87 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 88 Period 4 (1800-1848): Trade, Expansion, and Isolation ............................ 90 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 90 Expanding Westward ..................................................................................................................................... 90 Controlling the Continent ............................................................................................................................ 91 Debates Over Acquired Territories .......................................................................................................... 93 Federal vs. State Government .................................................................................................................... 94 Frontier Issues With Native Americans ................................................................................................ 95 An Uneasy Truce Over Slavery .................................................................................................................. 96 Slavery and Expansion ................................................................................................................................... 97 The Wrap Up ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 Period 5 (1844-1877): Expansionist Foreign Policy, Migration, and Immigration ........................................................................................................................ 98 General Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 98 War Message ........................................................................................................................................................ 98 Major Debates ..................................................................................................................................................... 99 American Progress ......................................................................................................................................... 101 The US and China ............................................................................................................................................ 102 No Irish Need Apply ....................................................................................................................................... 103 Trails West ......................................................................................................................................................... 104 Sand Creek Massacre ..................................................................................................................................... 105 The Wrap Up ................................................................................................................................................... 106 Period 5 (1844-1877): Divisions and Civil War .............................................. 107 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 107 White Slavery .................................................................................................................................................... 107 Fourth of July .................................................................................................................................................... 108 On Slavery .......................................................................................................................................................... 109 New Territories ............................................................................................................................................... 110 Freeport Doctrine ........................................................................................................................................... 112 Causes of Secession ........................................................................................................................................ 112 The Wrap Up ................................................................................................................................................... 113 Period 5 (1844-1877): Union Victory, Reconstruction, and Civil War Aftermath ........................................................................................................................... 114 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 114 Year 1860 ........................................................................................................................................................... 114 Lincoln on Slavery .......................................................................................................................................... 116 Civil War Battle ................................................................................................................................................ 117 Slavery by Another Name ............................................................................................................................ 118 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l7e arnerator.com Reconstruction ................................................................................................................................................. 119 White Man’s Government ............................................................................................................................ 120 Black Reconstruction .................................................................................................................................... 121 Susan B. Anthony ............................................................................................................................................ 122 Social Changes .................................................................................................................................................. 123 The Wrap-Up .................................................................................................................................................. 124 Period 6 (1865-1898): Emergence of Industrial Culture ......................... 125 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 125 New Immigrants .............................................................................................................................................. 125 Urban Social Divisions .................................................................................................................................. 126 Americanization .............................................................................................................................................. 127 Political Machines ........................................................................................................................................... 128 Native American Discrimination .............................................................................................................. 130 Clashing Over Western Land ..................................................................................................................... 131 Assimilating Native Americans ................................................................................................................. 132 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 133 Period 6 (1865-1898): New Cultural and Intellectual Movements of the Gilded Age .......................................................................................................................... 134 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 134 Reforming Government ................................................................................................................................ 134 Racist and Nativist Ideas .............................................................................................................................. 136 Gospel of Wealth ............................................................................................................................................. 137 Social Gospel ..................................................................................................................................................... 138 Challenging Their Place ................................................................................................................................ 139 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 140 Period 6 (1865-1898): Rise of Big Business and Resulting Transformations ............................................................................................................. 141 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 141 Transportation and Communication Systems} .................................................................................. 141 Controlling Foreign Markets ...................................................................................................................... 142 Trusts and Monopolies ................................................................................................................................. 144 “Conspicuous Consumption” ...................................................................................................................... 145 Expanding Workforce ................................................................................................................................... 146 Labor Unions ..................................................................................................................................................... 147 The New South ................................................................................................................................................. 149 Extending Control Over Resources ......................................................................................................... 149 Problems of Farmers ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Populism ............................................................................................................................................................. 151 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 152 Period 7 (1890-1945): Large-Scale Industrialization, Economic Uncertainty, and Social Changes ........................................................................... 153 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 153 Gilded Age .......................................................................................................................................................... 153 Patent Medicine ............................................................................................................................................... 155 Plains Trouble .................................................................................................................................................. 156 Industrial Challenges ..................................................................................................................................... 157 Great Depression ............................................................................................................................................. 158 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l8e arnerator.com The Wrap Up ................................................................................................................................................... 158 Period 7 (1890-1945): Mass Culture and Cultural Conflicts ................... 160 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 160 Unemployment and Immigration ............................................................................................................ 160 Social Challenges ............................................................................................................................................. 162 Extending Power ............................................................................................................................................. 163 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 164 Period 7 (1890-1945): Global Conflicts and Emergence as a World Power .................................................................................................................................... 165 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 165 Age of Empire ................................................................................................................................................... 165 Mobilization ...................................................................................................................................................... 167 Fight for Freedoms ......................................................................................................................................... 168 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 169 Period 8 (1945-1980): Leadership in the Uncertain Postwar Era ....... 170 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 170 Aftermath of World War II .......................................................................................................................... 170 Containing Communism ............................................................................................................................... 172 Peopling .............................................................................................................................................................. 174 The Communist Menace ............................................................................................................................... 175 Campus Tragedy .............................................................................................................................................. 179 Energy Crisis ..................................................................................................................................................... 180 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 180 Period 8 (1945-1980): Liberalism and the Role of Government .......... 182 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 182 The Great Society ............................................................................................................................................ 182 Civil Rights ......................................................................................................................................................... 185 Civil Liberties .................................................................................................................................................... 189 Stormy Seventies ............................................................................................................................................. 191 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 192 Period 8 (1945-1980): Postwar Economic, Demographic, and Technological Changes ................................................................................................ 193 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 193 Cold War ............................................................................................................................................................. 193 Peopling and Labor ........................................................................................................................................ 194 Suburbanization .............................................................................................................................................. 196 Conservatism .................................................................................................................................................... 197 Nixon .................................................................................................................................................................... 198 The Wrap Up ..................................................................................................................................................... 199 Period 9 (1980-Present): Renewed Conservatism in Culture and Politics .................................................................................................................................. 201 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 201 Carter to the Nation ....................................................................................................................................... 201 Falwell’s America ............................................................................................................................................ 202 Gingrich Takes Charge .................................................................................................................................. 203 Federal Expenditures .................................................................................................................................... 204 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l9e arnerator.com The Wrap-Up .................................................................................................................................................. 205 Period 9 (1980-Present): The End of the Cold War and New Challenges .......................................................................................................................... 206 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 206 “Mr. Gorbachev…” ........................................................................................................................................... 206 Clinton on Somalia .......................................................................................................................................... 207 Bush Address the Nation ............................................................................................................................. 208 A Call to Courage ............................................................................................................................................. 209 The Wrap-Up .................................................................................................................................................. 209 Period 9 (1980-Present): Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century 211 General Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 211 Economic Patterns ......................................................................................................................................... 211 Governor’s Meet .............................................................................................................................................. 212 Energy Consumption ..................................................................................................................................... 213 Technological Frontier ................................................................................................................................. 213 Most Populous States .................................................................................................................................... 214 Foreign-‐born Populations ........................................................................................................................... 215 DOMA ................................................................................................................................................................... 215 The Wrap-Up .................................................................................................................................................. 216 Sign up for Learnerator AP US History Prep! ................................................ 217 Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@1le0a rnerator.com 4 Introduction Thank you for downloading, AP US History: A Crash Course Study Guide. These posts are a compilation from our site, where we provide hundreds of practice questions and review to know for a variety of AP exams, including AP English Language. You can check out more pointers, including our Ultimate List of AP US History Tips, at our blog. We hope you find this short collection helpful in your preparation for AP US History! -The Learnerator Team E-mail us at [email protected] if you have any questions, comments, or suggestions. Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l4e arnerator.com 5 About Us Learnerator bridges the gap between learning and mastery by curating high quality practice materials for a variety of difficult academic subject areas. Our online test prep offers: • Over 700 AP US History practice questions • Detailed personalized statistics based on your performance • A competitive online leaderboard to see how you stand compared to others • Convenience with anytime access from an Internet-enabled device Visit us at http://www.learnerator.com/ap-us-history Use SUPREME at checkout for 10% off AP US History Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l5e arnerator.com 6 Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life Although the majority of the AP US history test will focus on the formation and development of the United States, it is important that you know a little bit about life in the Americas before Europeans came to the continents, or the “Pre- Columbian Period.” An estimated 54 Million people lived in the geographic areas later referred to as the Americas by the time that Christopher Columbus landed in Hispanola in 1492. These Native People had complex societies that would take years of study to understand fully, but, luckily, you will only need to know a fraction of this history for the AP test. In the rest of this post I will go over the most important of these: Spread of Maize Cultivation, the Diversity of Native Cultures, and the particularities of Algonquin life. Spread of Maize Cultivation Maize, or corn, served as the staple crop for many Native American tribes. For the AP test, it is important that you understand just how crucial Maize was to the agricultural development of various Native American societies. Originally grown and cultivated in the Southern area of what is now Mexico, by 1200 Maize spread to the Southwest part of the United States, where it transformed the Pueblos from a hunter-gatherer society into an agricultural based society. This distinction is an important one, and one that I will go over more in the next section. After the introduction of Maize, many Native Americans moved away from the roaming hunting and gathering type of society into permanent settlements where they constructed elaborate irrigation techniques to grow maize and other such crops. Why this is Important Now that they did not have to worry as much about the daily struggle of finding food, Native Americans had the time to develop more sophisticated agricultural techniques and infrastructure. This is the most important thing you should know about maize going into the test. In order to get a better sense of how far New World Maize spread, check out our sample questions here. Diversity of Native People While some societies, like the previously mentioned Pueblo people, settled into large established communities, a large number of Native Tribes continued to live in mobile communities that were reliant on hunting and gathering. For the test, you should know that these were the two general models for Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America. For the most part, we can separate these two styles of Interested in a school license? E-‐mail us at schools@l6e arnerator.com

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