AP Chemistry 2017

599 Pages·2016·11.42 MB·English

by  John T. Moore

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
JOHN MOORE grew up in the foothills of western North Carolina. He attended the
University of North Carolina–Asheville, where he received his bachelor’s degree
in chemistry. He earned his master’s degree in chemistry from Furman
University in Greenville, South Carolina. After a stint in the United States Army
he decided to try his hand at teaching. In 1971 he joined the faculty of Stephen
F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, where he still teaches
chemistry. In 1985 he started back to school part-time, and in 1991 received his
doctorate in education from Texas A&M University. In 2003 his first book,
Chemistry for Dummies , was published.
RICHARD LANGLEY grew up in southwestern Ohio. He attended Miami
University in Oxford, Ohio, where he earned bachelor’s degrees in chemistry
and mineralogy and a master’s degree in chemistry. He next went to the
University of Nebraska in Lincoln, where he received his doctorate in chemistry.
He took a postdoctoral position at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona,
then became a visiting assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–River
Falls. He has taught at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches,
Texas, since 1982.
The authors are coauthors of Chemistry for the Utterly Confused ,
Biochemistry for Dummies , and Organic Chemistry II for Dummies .
Both authors are graders for the free-response portion of the AP Chemistry
exam. In fact, between them, they have over twenty-five years of AP grading
experience and estimate that together they have graded over 125,000 exams.
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Five-Step Program
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry
Exam
Background of the Advanced Placement Program
Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam?
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them
Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam
2 How to Plan Your Time
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam
Calendar for Each Plan
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam
Answers and Explanations
Scoring and Interpretation
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type
Multiple-Choice Questions
Free-Response Questions
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Basics
Units and Measurements
Dimensional Analysis—the Factor Label Method
The States of Matter
The Structure of the Atom
Periodic Table
Oxidation Numbers
Nomenclature Overview
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
6 Reactions and Periodicity
AP Exam Format
General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Precipitation Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Coordination Compounds
Acid–Base Reactions
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
7 Stoichiometry
Moles and Molar Mass
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Reaction Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
Percent Yield
Molarity and Solution Calculations
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
8 Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gas Law Relationships
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
9 Thermodynamics
Calorimetry
Laws of Thermodynamics
Products Minus Reactants
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
10 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons
The Nature of Light
Wave Properties of Matter
Atomic Spectra
Atomic Orbitals
Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES)
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
11 Bonding
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Molecular Geometry—VSEPR
Valence Bond Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory
Resonance
Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
12 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces
Structures and Intermolecular Forces
The Liquid State
The Solid State
Phase Diagrams
Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
13 Solutions and Colligative Properties
Concentration Units
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Colligative Properties
Colloids
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
14 Kinetics
Rates of Reaction
Integrated Rate Laws
Activation Energy
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysts
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
15 Equilibrium
Equilibrium Expressions
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Acid–Base Equilibrium
Buffers
Titration Equilibria
Solubility Equilibria
Other Equilibria
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
16 Electrochemistry
Redox Reactions
Electrochemical Cells
Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry
Nernst Equation
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
17 Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Decay Calculations
Mass–Energy Relationships
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Rapid Review
18 Organic Chemistry
Alkanes