Anywa language : description and internal reconstructions

578 Pages·1996·143.161 MB·English

by  Reh, Mechthild

NIL0 SAHARAN
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Linguistic Analyses and Documentation
Edited by Frant: RottIcrrrd (Bayreutli) and M. Lionel Berrder
(CarhndalelJlL, USA)
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ISSN 0932 1993
Volume
11
RUDIGER K~PPEV ERLAG K ~ L N
Mechthild Reh
Anywa Language
Description and Internal Reconstructions
9 -"
'
R~DIGERK ~PPEV ERLAG K ~ L N
Reh, Mechthild:
Anywa language : description and internal reconstructions / Uechlhild Reh.
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Kijln : Kiippe, 1996
(Nilo-Saharan ; Vol. 11)
Zugl.: Bayreuth, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1995
IS5 N 3-927620-73-4
NE: GT
Alle Rechte verbehalten.
6 I996
RUDIGERK OPPEV ERLAG. K OLN
Afrikanische Sprachen und Kulturen
Postfach 45 06 43
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D 50881 KoIn
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Als Habilitationsschrift auf Empfehlung der Sprach- und Literxtunvissenschaft-
lichen Fakultat der Universitiit Bayreuth gedruckt mit Unterstutzung der Deutschen
Forschungsgemeinschaf(.
Herstellung: Druckerei Franz Wansen, Bergisch Gladbach
Gedruckr auf siiurefreiern und alterungshestZndigernP apier.
@ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to en-
sure permanence and durability.
ConZent s
Acknowled&ments xiv
Abbreviatrons and Symbols xv
Tahles xvii
Map xix
INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................
1 The language 3
1 . E Name .............................................................................................. 3
E .2 Classification ...............................................................................4. ..
1.3 Former studies ................................................................................ 6
2 Genesis. aim. and structure of volume .......................................................... 7
3 Data ............................................. 8
4 Theoretical frameworks and methods used ................................................ 9
4.1 Theoretical frameworks ................................................................. 9
4.2 Methods used ................................................................................. 12
4.2.1 Synchronic analysis. ........................................................... 12
4.2.2 Diachronic analysis .........................................................1..3.
4.2.2.1 Reasons for using internal reconstruction .............. I5
4.2.2.2 Problems and principles to be observed ................1. 6
5 Grammatical studies on Western Nilotic languages. .................................1.7.. .
PARTA:PHONOLOGY
A 1 Consonants ..........................................................................................2.3.
A 1.1 Inventory and distribution ........................ ... ..... ...........................2 3
A 1.2 Phonetic realization. ................................................................... 28
A 1 .3 Graphic representation ................................................................ 34
A 2 Vowels .................................................................................................... 36
A 2.1 Inventory .................................................................................... 36
A 2.1.1 Voice quality ................................................................ 36
A2.1.2 Length ....................................................................... 38
A 2.2 Compensatory vowel system ....................................................... 40
A 3 Tones ....................................................................................................... 45
A 4 Mcrrphophonology ............................................................................ 47

B 1.4.1.3 Historical explanation ........................................ 13 1
B 1.4- 2 Inalienable rnN forms .................................................... -134
B 1.5 Suffixal determination ................................................................ 137
B 1 .5.1 Definite (DEF) s a x.. ................................................ 137
I3 1 .5.2 Demonstrative suffixes .............................................. 140
B 1 .5 .3 Possessive suffixes ....................................................1.4..2..
B 1.6 Nominal derivation .............................................................. 144
B 1.6.1 Verbal muns ............................................................-.1. 44
B 1.6.2 Reified action nouns ....................................................... 145
B 1.6.3 Abstract nouns ............................................................... 146
B 1.6.4 Nouns characterizing persons and animals .....................1. 46
B 1.6.5 Agentive nouns ....................................................... 148
B 1.6.6 Instrumental nouns ..................................... ..... ...............1 49
B 1.6.7 Products of activity .............. . .................................1..5. 0
B 1 .6.8 The prefixes I&/ and /&/ .........................................2. 5..1. ...
B 1. 6.9 Prefix sg . Id-/p,l . /pi-/.. ..................... . ....................1 52
B 1.6.10 Prefixsg./pl. /pi-/.. ...............................................1..5..4.. .
B 1.6.11 The no~ersfm8r-l,p. /lm a-f;I mh-I,pl. lm0-1. .....1 54
B 1 .6.11 . 1 Internal reconstruction ..................................... 156
B 1.6.11.2 Historical considerations. ............................1.5..6. .
B 1.7 Sex indication ................................... .................................... 158
B 1.8 Social registers ...................................................................1..6.2.. ....
B 2 Pronouns .................................................................................................. 164
B 2.1 Personal pronouns ....................................................................... 164
B 2.2 Possessive proneurns .................................................................... 166
B 2.3 Reflexive pronouns ..................................................................... 166
B 2.4 Experiencer pronouns ......................................................1.6..8. ........
B 2.5 Demonstrative pronouns .............................................................. 169
B 2.6 Interrogative pronouns ................................................................ 171
B 2.7 Relative pronouns ....................................................................... 172
B 2.8 Indef~tep ronouns ............................ ..............................-.1..7.2.
B 3 Verbs ...........................................................................................1..7.3.. .......
B 3.1 Verb classes ............................................................................ 173
. .
B 3.1 . 1 Denvatlond status .......................................................... 174
B 3.1- 2 Number of obligatory participants ..................................1.7 5

.......B... ..7.....3... ..I..t..e..r..a...t..i.v..e...s.. . 2 ?
B 8 Conjunctions. ......................................................................................2..8.9..
B 9 Particles .......................................................................................-.2..9..0. .....
PARTC: SYNTAX
C 1 Tpyes of simple clauses ....................................................................... 295
C I .1 Structure of simple clauses ........................................................2..9 6
C 1.2 Types of clausal cores ................................................................. 299
C 1.2.1 Non-verbal clauses ........................................................2. 99
C I .2 .2 Copula clauses ............................................................... 301
C I .2.2 .1 Existential copula clauses ................................ 302
C 1.2.2.2 Qualifying copula clauses .................................. 304
C I .2. 2.3 Identifying copula clauses ................................. 306
C 1.2.2.4 Locative copula clauses .................................... 309
C 1.2.3 Verbal dauses ............................................................... 310
C 1.2.3.1 NP-initial clauses ............................................. 3 1
C 1.2.3.2 Verb-initial clauses ............................................ 323
C 1.2.3.3 Distribution of NP- and verb-initial clauses ........3 15
C 1.3 Primary, secondary, and FC-participants ................................ .....32 7
C 1.3.1 Primary participants (S, 0, A, DAT) .............................. 317
C 2.3.2 Secondary participants ............................................... ,319
C 1.3.2.1 OBLparticipant ............................................... 320
C 1 .3.2.2 BEN-participant ........................................... 323
C 1 .3.2.3 LC-participants .................................................. 325
C 1.3.2.4 TMP-participants. .............................................. 326
C 1.3.2.5 dAG-participants ............................................... 327
C 1.3.3 FC-participants ............................................................... 327
C P .4 Organisation of the noun phrase ............................................. 328
C 1.4.1 Qualifying (QU) modifiers. ........................................... 329
C 1.4.2 Identi&ing (ID)m odification .......................................... 330
C 1.4.3 Attributive sequences .................................................... ,331
C 1" 5 InformationaI structure of cla~~s.e..s.. ........................................... 332
C 1.5.1 Theme ........................................................................ 332
C 1.5.2 Topic .............................................................................. 339
...........................................................................
C 1.5.3 Focus 340
C 1.6 Grammatical relations and basic word order ...........................3..4.2..
C 1.6.1 Basic word order ............................................................ 343
C 1.6.1 .1 Basic intransitive sentence ............................3..4..4.
C 1.6.1.2 Basic transitive sentence .................................3..4.5
C 1.6.1.3 Verb-initial clauses ............................................ 351
C 1.6.2 The notion of 'subject' .................................................3..5..3
C 1.6.3 Kstorical Development ................................................. -359
C 1.6.4 Summary ........................................................................ 365
C 2 Clause-based syntactic processes ...................................................3..6..8. .....
C 2.1 Without change of grammatical relations ...............................3.6..8. ..
C 2.1.1 Thematization. ......... ... ........................................+.. 368
C 2.1.2 Left-dislocation .............................................................. 369
C 2.1- 3 Cleft construction ..........................................................3. 77
C 2.1 -4 NP deletion .................................................................... 379
C 2.1.5 Right-dislocation ............................................................ 381
C 2.2 Processes which change grammatical relations ............................ 382
C 2.2.1 Anti-passivization and passivization ............................... 382
C 2.2.1.1 Verb-initial clauses ........................................... 383
C 2.2.1.2 NP-initial clauses ............................................ 383
C 2.2.1.3 Functional and historical considerations ............. 385
C 2.2.2 BEN-promotion .............................................................. 391
C 2.2.3 Causativization ...............................................................3 91
C 2.2.4 Focusization .................................................................3..9 2
C 3 Sentential complementation. ..................................................................... 394
C 3.1 Verbal noun clauses .................................................................... 394
.................................................................
C 3.2 Nominalized clauses 395
C 3.3 ni-clauses ................................................................................... 397
C 3.4 mi-clauses ................................................................................... 398
C 3.5 ~E(E)-clause.s. ....................................................................-.4..0..0..
C 4 Attributive. clauses ...........................................................................4..0..2.. ..
C 4 . B Qualifying attributive clauses ..................................................4.0..2.
C 4.2 identifying attributive CIA) clauses .....................................4..0.5.. ....
C 4.3 Emphatic IA-clauses ...................................................................4 09