Table Of ContentINDEX
NOTE: Italic page references indicate figures and tables.
ABC model, 265
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), 259, 266, 314
Acetylcholine, 90, 93, 97, 219, 221, 298
Acid-sensing receptors, 297–98
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), 31, 59, 60, 93, 97
Action potential, 83, 84, 99, 132
Active avoidance conditioning, 71–75, 72, 101–4, 262–63, 332n
Active coping, 310–13
Addiction studies, 140–41, 143
Adrenal cortex, 59, 60, 97, 297
Adrenaline, 28, 58, 59, 132, 134
Adrenal medulla, 60, 87, 134
Affective states, primary process, 126–27, 128
Affect program, 121, 121, 124–25, 125
“Age of anxiety,” 6
Age of Anxiety, The (Auden), 6
Alarm response, 59, 298, 321n
Alberini, Cristina, 303
Alcohol, as anxiolytic, 238
Allen, Woody, 7
Allocortex, 85, 86–87
All We Have to Fear (Horwitz and Wakefield), 17, 247
American Psychiatric Association, 11
American Psychological Association, 258–59
Amorapanth, Prin, 103
Amygdala
basal. See Basal amygdala
central. See Central amygdala
electrical stimulation studies, 87–90, 127
in fear (defense) system, 30–31, 31, 35–36, 38, 92, 93, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 103–4, 270, 323n. See also
Amygdala-based threat-processing circuit
hypothalamically elicited rage and amygdala-hypothalamic-PAG rage pathway, 87–90, 89
lateral. See Lateral amygdala
nonconscious processing in, 212–14, 219–23
structure, 85, 86, 87
Amygdala-based threat-processing circuit, ix, 92, 127, 209–23
cognitive reappraisal of threats, 214–17, 215
direct effects on cortical processing, 217–19, 218, 220, 221
extinction and, 98, 284–88, 285, 286, 287
in fear and anxiety disorders, 107–11
generalized arousal, 219–23, 220, 222
LeDoux’s view of, 34–37, 36
low-road/high-road model, 209–14, 210
neutral stimuli vs., 207–9, 209
RDoC concept, 251–52
reactions, actions, and threat certainty, 105, 105–7
role of culture and experience, 230–31
threat stimuli routes, 209–14, 210
Amygdaloids, the (band), xii, 156
Anandamide, 241–42, 245
Angh, 2, 13, 319n
Angst (anxiety), 2, 4, 5, 320–21n
Animal consciousness, ix–x, 47–51, 147–48, 150–54, 200–202
anthropomorphic assumptions, 48–49, 50, 119–20, 200–202
Darwin’s legacy in early psychology, 116–17
episodic memory debate, 154, 194–99
Animals, emotions in, 42–43, 48–49, 113–14, 119–20
A-noetic states, 191, 192–94, 201, 205, 223, 345n
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 109, 110, 111, 178, 216, 252
Antianxiety drug research, 236–44
DSM vs. RDoC concept, 252–53
gene studies and, 246–47
Antidepressant drugs, 239–41, 241
Anxietas, 2
Anxiety
attention control theory of, 217–18, 276
coming to terms with, 37–41
conscious experience of, 253–57, 255
diagnostic categories, 11–14, 247–49
differences between fear and, 7, 8, 10–11
of everyday life, 317–18
feeling anxious, 231–32
Freud’s theory of, 4–7, 13, 18–19, 22, 234, 236, 320–21n
philosophical understanding of, 4–5, 233, 234
in popular culture, 6, 6–7
psychotherapy for, 258–77. See also Exposure therapy
RDoC concept, 249–54
response-based concept of, 234–35, 237
scientific definitions of, 234–36
similarities between fear and, 7, 8
terminology used, 7–8, 9, 10, 41–42
uncertainty and anticipation model of, 108, 108–9, 111–12, 251
“Anxiety,” 2–7, 41–42, 225–26, 236, 320–21n
Anxiety disorders, 11–13, 12, 233–34. See also Fear and anxiety disorders
drug classes for treatment of DSM-IV, 240–41, 241
Anxiety neurosis, 4, 12
Anxiolytics, 237–42, 241, 243, 253
behavioral tasks testing effects, 239, 240
Anxious genes, 15–16, 16, 244–47
Aquinas, Thomas, 3
Armony, Jorge, 98
Arousal, 63, 90, 97, 132, 219–23, 220, 224–25
RDoC matrix, 250, 251
Arousal systems, 85, 90, 91, 315
“As if” loop, 135–36
Associative learning, 28, 65, 98, 293
Attention
consciousness and, 176–77
threat processing and, 212–19
Attentional amplification theory, 171, 173, 177, 347n
Attentional blink, 217–18
Attention control theory of anxiety, 217–18, 276
Auden, W. H., 6, 7
Austin, James, 314
Autonoetic consciousness, 191–98, 202, 207, 229–33, 247, 253, 255, 317
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 56, 57, 58, 82, 87–88, 95, 133, 205, 207–8, 299, 313–14
Avoidance conditioning, 71–77, 101–4, 102, 262–63
trumping extinction with proactive, x, 310–13
Axons, 83, 84, 90, 139, 219
Baars, Bernard, 161
Bacon, Francis, 37–38
Bain, Alexander, 118, 140
Balleine, Bernard, 138–39, 140
Barbiturates, 238
Bard, Philip, 87–88
Barlow, David, 5, 15, 16, 256, 278, 292
Barrett, Lisa, 19, 123–24, 226, 230
Basal amygdala (BA), 31, 94, 95, 96, 101, 107, 218, 218–19, 355n
Basal ganglia, 86, 87, 179, 299
Basic emotions theory, 19, 121, 121–25, 125, 133
Beck, Aaron, 265–67, 271
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), 105, 105–8, 111, 223, 251, 298
Behavioral acts, defining anxiety by, 234–35
Behavioral approach to antianxiety research, 242–44
Behavioral defense responses. See Defense reactions
Behavioral inhibition theory, 38–39, 78–79, 106, 107, 111, 237
Behaviorism, 19, 26, 32, 118, 120, 148, 234, 235
Behavior therapy, 259, 260, 261, 264–68
Benzodiazepines, 12–13, 39, 238–41, 241, 243, 252–53
Bernstein, Leonard, 6
Berridge, Kent, 103, 120, 131, 141–42
Berrios, G.E., 131
Biases, 109, 111, 214, 267
Biological factors, 15–16, 16
Bistable images, 340n
Blaming the Brain (Valenstein), 238
Blanchard, Caroline, 28, 61
Blanchard, Robert, 28, 61
Blindsight patients, 166, 167, 168, 173, 205, 208, 211
Block, Ned, 156, 163–64, 173–74, 175–76
Body feedback theories of emotions, 18–19, 117–18, 133–38, 139
Body states, 135–36, 138, 299
Bolles, Robert, 28, 33, 63, 328n
Bonanno, George, 311
Borkovec, Thomas, 275
Bouton, Mark, 28, 256, 269
Boyden, Ed, 99
Brain, 82–112. See also specific parts of brain
abbreviations of key areas, 86
active avoidance circuitry, 101–4, 102
conscious and nonconscious threat processing, 206, 206–7
conscious feelings emergence in, 226–27, 228
consciousness and, 164–79, 171
electrical stimulation studies, 87–90, 127–33
emotions in, 119–33
extinction in, 98, 110, 283–89, 285, 286, 287, 298–99
in fear and anxiety disorders, 107–12
memories becoming conscious in, 184–88
structure and function, 83–87, 84–85
threatening stimuli, 92–101, 93, 94, 96
threats vs. neutral stimuli, 207–9, 209
uncertainty, risk, and, 105–7
Breathing away anxiety, 313–14, 315–17
Brewin, Chris, 273, 279
“Bricolage,” 227
British philosophy, 118, 140
Brooks, Mel, 7
Brown, Richard, 174
Buddhism, 160–61, 317
Bush, George W., 282
Butler, Samuel, 181
Cain, Chris, 73, 101
Calcium channel modulators, 241, 241
Campese, Vin, 101
Cannabis, 242
Cannon, Walter, 54, 56, 58, 59, 87, 88, 133
Carvalho, Gil, 138
Cash, Rosanne, vi, xii
Cells, 82, 83, 84
Central amygdala (CeA)
extinction circuitry, 285, 287–88, 310–11, 355n
in fear (defense) system, 30, 31, 92, 93, 95, 97, 101–3, 104
nonconscious processing in, 220, 221
Central defense system, 41, 325n
Central motivational state, 19, 63, 120, 234
Central state view of fear, 19, 32–34, 33, 37, 39, 45–46, 63, 120, 237
Cerebral cortex, 85, 86, 88, 230
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 297–98
Chalmers, David, 156–57
Chamberlin, Thomas, 47
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 161
Charles Bonnet Syndrome, 174
Chemical imbalance hypothesis, 238, 245
Choi, June-Seek, 101
Chomsky, Noam, 349n
Circa-strike stage, 62, 62, 78
Clark, David, 265–66
Classical conditioning. See Pavlovian conditioning
Clayton, Nicky, 195
Cleeremans, Axel, 161
Clem, Roger, 308
Clore, Gerald, 19, 230
Cognition
in exposure therapy, 268–75
in extinction, 267–70
feelings as interface between reaction and, 138–39
mental state consciousness and, 149–54
in RDoC matrix, 250, 251
Cognitive-behavior therapy, 259, 260, 264–65
Cognitive conscious feelings, 126–27, 128, 129, 138
Cognitive dissonance, 132, 255
Cognitive exposure therapy, 264–75
Cognitive restructuring, 277, 306
Cognitive therapy, 259, 260, 264–75, 282
Cognitive unconscious, 47, 147, 149, 159, 193
Commentary keys, 152–53, 161, 165, 176, 197
Composed (Cash), vii
Concept of Anxiety, The (Kierkegaard), 5
Conceptual acts, 226, 230
Conditioned negative reinforcement, 74, 76, 103
Conditioned reinforcer, 74, 76, 76
Conditioned responses (CRs), 28–30, 29
Conditioned stimulus (CS), 28–30, 29, 31, 65–69, 94–95
conscious vs. nonconscious threats in human studies, 204, 204–5
extinction and, 65–67, 268–70, 283–87, 291
roles in avoidance, 71–77, 76, 101–4
Consciousness, ix–x, 146–80, 199–200
in animals. See Animal consciousness
attention and, 176–77
behaviorists and, 19
brain basis of, 164–79, 171
emergence of emotional feelings in, 226–27, 228
experience of anxiety, 253–57, 255
first-order theory of, 162–64, 163
global workspace theory of, 161–62, 162
higher-order theories of, 159–61, 160
information-processing theories of, 158–64
James’s theory of, 117–18
language and, 149–50, 154–55, 200
memory and, 181–88, 191, 191–92, 193–94, 207
mental state and cognition, 149–54
mental state vs. creature, 146–47, 147
neocortex in, 177–79
nonconscious vs. conscious processing of threats, 204, 204–7, 206
qualia problem, 155–57
subcortical theories of, 174–76
unconscious challenge and, 148–49
Consolidation of memories, 186, 186, 193, 301, 302, 303
Conspecific aggression, 53, 95
Context dependence, as limit of extinction, 289, 290, 291
Contextual conditioning, 65, 67
Controlled breathing, 313–14, 315–17
Core beliefs (schemas), 265, 271
Cornell Medical School, 26, 30
Cortical consciousness networks (CCNs), 178–79, 179, 187–88, 206, 219, 315
Cortisol, 28, 31, 59, 97, 134, 292, 297
Craig, Bud, 136–37
Craske, Michelle, 279, 293–95
Crayfish, 39, 246
Creature consciousness, 146–47, 147, 179, 193, 201
Crichton, Michael, 130
Crick, Francis, 170, 172
Crypsis, 55–56
Cued conditioning, 65, 66
Culture, and amygdala threat response, 230–31
Cyclic AMP response binding element protein (CREB), 288–89, 295, 357n
Dalgleish, Tim, 273, 279
Damasio, Antonio, 134–38, 135, 136, 139, 147, 157, 175–76, 224
Darwin, Charles, 140
emotional legacy in early psychology, 116–18
theory of emotions, 114–16, 121, 144–45
theory of fear, 32, 32, 33, 37, 54
Davidson, Richard, 314
Davies, Martin, 174
Davis, Michael, 30, 297
D-cycloserine (DCS), 297
Dębiec, Jacek, 305, 306
Decision making, Pavlovian incentives role in, 76–77, 104, 328–29n
Decision systems, 80–81
Declarative memory. See Explicit memory
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 298–99
Deep survival, 42–43
Defense reactions, 32–34, 41, 54–56
amygdala-hypothalamic-PAG rage pathway, 87–90, 89
escape and avoidance, 69, 71–77
“freeze, flight, and fight” response, 54–55, 55, 61, 63–64
Pavlovian conditioning of, 64–69
physiological support of, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 87–90
predatory imminence theory of, 61–63, 62
risk assessment behaviors, 38–39, 77–80
Defensive burying, 55
Defensive motivational states, 32, 32, 39, 44–47, 45, 61–64, 75, 143–44, 223–25, 254, 256, 325n
fear and, 227–31
role of memory and learning, 64, 69–71
Defensive survival circuits, 37, 43–47, 45, 54, 63, 134, 207–9
Defensive system, 41, 325n
Dehaene, Stanislas, 161, 163–64, 173
Deisseroth, Karl, 99
Delgado, Mauricio, 98, 216–17
Dendrites, 83, 84
Dennett, Daniel, 149–50, 154, 161
Depression, 14, 234, 238–39, 250, 299
Descartes, René, 148, 149, 151, 200
Descartes’ Error (Damasio), 134
Desensitization, 264, 277
De Waal, Frans, 49
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 11–14, 247–49, 251
Diagnostic categories, 11–14, 247–49
Diaz-Mataix, Lorenzo, 303–4, 305
Dickinson, Anthony, 138–39, 140, 195
Dickinson, Emily, 1
“Disorder,” 17
Dog-bite scenario, 92, 94, 94–95
Dolan, Ray, 98
Dominant trace theory, 307
Dopamine, 90, 93, 97, 103, 104, 142–43, 219, 246, 298, 299–300, 338n
Dorsal striatum, 104, 110
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFCDL), 178, 179
Doyère, Valérie, 303–4, 305
Drives, 77, 134
Drug discovery research, 236–44
DSM vs. RDoC concept, 252–53
gene studies and, 246–47
Drug enhancement, of extinction, 296–98
Dualism, 157
Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume-Benjamin, 114, 115
Dudai, Yadin, 306–7
Dylan, Bob, 182
Edinger, Ludwig, 322n, 330n
Ehlers, Anke, 266
Eichenbaum, Howard, 195
Ekman, Paul, 121–22, 122, 123
Ekman faces, 122, 122
Electrical brain stimulation, 87–90, 92, 119, 127–33, 331n
Emergency response, 56, 57, 58–59, 60
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 52
Emotional Brain, The (LeDoux), vii–viii, 23, 35, 36, 51
Emotional consciousness, 203–32
Emotional intelligence, 224
Emotional processing theory, 271–75, 355n
Emotional schemas, 226, 230, 265
Emotion command system hypothesis, 125–30, 137–40, 175–76
basic and cognitive feeling circuits, 127, 128
feelings and emotional behavior intertwined, 125–26, 126
role of emotions, 134, 135, 136
Emotions (emotional feelings), 113–45, 225–32
in animals, 42–43, 48–49, 113–14, 119–20
anxious feelings, 231–32
basic emotions theory, 19, 121–25, 133
body feedback theories of, 18–19, 117–18, 133–38
