Antioxidant and Redox Regulation of Genes

587 Pages·1999·32.89 MB·English

by  Chandan K. Sen

Antioxidant and
Redox Regulation
of Genes
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Antioxidant and
Redox Regulation
of Genes
Edited by
Chandan K. Sen
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California
and
University of Kuopio
Kuopio, Finland
Helmut Sies
Heinrich-Heine-Universit~it
Dtisseldorf, Germany
Patrick A. Baeuerle
Micromet GmbH
Martinsried, Germany
Academic Press
San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Front cover photograph: NF-KB p65 homodimer. A redox-sensitive transcription factor.
Courtesy of Drs. Y. F. Wang and A. Sarai, RIKEN Gene Bank, Japan.
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ~)
Copyright (cid:14)9 2000 by ACADEMIC PRESS
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-63956
International Standard Book Number: 0-12-636670-5
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
99 00 01 02 03 04 MM 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors xv
Foreword xxi
Luc Montagnier
Preface xxiii
Reactive Species as Intracellular
Messengers
Signaling by Singlet Oxygen in
Biological Systems
Lars-Oliver Klotz, Karlis Briviba, and Helmut Sies
I. Singlet Oxygen in Biological Systems 3
II. Effects of Singlet Oxygen on Gene Expression 6
III. Comparison of Effects of Singlet Oxygen and Other
Oxidants on the AP-1 Pathway 7
IV. Induction of Transcription Factors by Singlet
Oxygen: Mechanism 9
References 14
Contents
2 Redox Regulation of Gene Expression
Dana R. Crawford, Toshihide Suzuki,
and Kelvin J. A. Davies
I. Introduction 21
II. Methods of Analysis 22
III. Modulation of Nuclear Gene Expression 24
IV. Modulation of Mitochondrial Gene
Expression 28
V. Stable versus Transient Gene Expression 29
VI. Modes of Regulation 31
VII. Oxidant Stress-Related Pathologies 33
VIII. Concluding Remarks 37
References 39
3 Rac, Superoxide, and Signal Transduction
Hamdy H. Hassanain
and Pascal J. Goldschmidt-Clermont
I. Introduction 48
II. Activation of Rac Proteins 50
III. Rac and Respiratory Burst in Phagocytes 52
IV. Rac in Nonphagocytic Cells 54
V. Rac and ROS Production 57
VI. Rac and the Cytoskeleton 63
VII. Rac Gene in Development 66
VIII. Oxidative Burst in Plants 67
References 69
4 Redox Regulation of Ion Channels
Suneil K. Koliwad, Anna K. Brzezinska, and Stephen J. Elliott
I. Ion Channels 81
II. The Patch Clamp 85
III. Redox Regulation of Ion Channels 87
References 101
Contents vii
5 Cell Ca2 + in Signal Transduction: Modulation in
Oxidative Stress
Julio Gir6n-Calle and Henry Jay Forman
I. Ca z+ in Signal Transduction and Cell Death 106
II. Lethal Alterations of the IntraceUular Ca 2+
Concentration: Necrosis, Apoptosis, and
Oxidative Stress 111
III. Modulation of Ca 2+ Signaling by Oxidative
Stress 114
IV. Concluding Remarks 122
References 122
6
Induction of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation by
Oxidative Stress and Its Implications
Gary L. Schieven
I. Introduction 129
II. Tyrosine Phosphorylation Signal
Pathways 130
III. Ionizing Radiation 133
IV. Ultraviolet Radiation 135
V. Chemical Oxidants 136
VI. Dimerization Hypothesis 141
References 142
Regulation of Signal Transduction and Gene
Expression by Reactive Nitrogen Species
Ami A. Oeora and Harry M. Lander
I. Introduction 147
II. Signal Transduction by Reactive Nitrogen
Species 149
III. Gene Expression by Reactive Nitrogen
Species 163
References 170
viii Contents
II Redox-Sensitive Molecular Processes
and Cellular Responses
8 Reactive Oxygen Species as Costimulatory
Signals of Cytokine-lnduced NF-KB Activation
Pathways
Patrick A. Baeuerle
I. Functions of Transcription Factor NF-KB 181
II. How TNF and IL-1 Activate NF-KB 184
III. NF-KB Activation by Prooxidant Conditions 187
IV. Inhibitory Effect of Antioxidants and
Redox-Regulating Proteins on NF-KB
Activation by Cytokines 190
V. How Can Antioxidants and EnZymes Affect NF-KB
Activation by Cytokines? 191 ~
VI. Why Should ROS Modulate Proinflammatory
Cytokine Signaling? 195
VII. Conclusion: ROS May Act as Costimulatory
Signals 197
References 198
9 Redox Regulation of NF-KB
Takashi Okamoto, Toshifumi Tetsuka, Sinichi Yoshida,
and Takumi Kawabe
I. Introduction: Transcription Factor NF-KB and Its
Biological Functions 203
II. Involvement of NF-KB in Various Pathologies 205
III. Signal Transduction Pathway to Activate NF-KB 207
IV. Conclusion: Redox Regulation of NF-KB 214
References 215
10
Oxidants and Antioxidants in Apoptosis:
Role of Bcl-2
Chandan K. Sen
I. Introduction 221
II. Induction of Apoptosis by Reactive Oxygen
Species 222
Contents ix
III. Antiapoptotic Properties of Antioxidants 225
IV. Proapoptotic Properties of Antioxidants 228
V. Bcl-2 229
VI. Bcl-2 Functions via an Antioxidant
Mechanism? 231
VII. Summary 236
References 237
11 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor
Necrosis Factor Toxicity
Vera Goossens, Kurt De Vos, Dominique Vercammen,
Margino Steemans, Katia Vancompemolle, Walter Fiers,
Peter Vandenabeele, and Johan Grooten
I. Introduction 245
II. Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Cell
Death by TNF 248
III. Concluding Remarks 259
References 260
12 Redox Regulation of Cell Adhesion Processes
Sashwati Roy, Chandan K. Sen, Alexia Gozin, Val~rie Andrieu,
and Catherine Pasquier
I. Introduction 266
II. Cell Adhesion Molecules 266
III. Multistep Model of Cell Adhesion 270
IV. Direct Activation of Cell Adhesion Processes by
Reactive Oxygen Species 271
V. Ionizing Radiations and Ultraviolet Radiation 276
VI. Cigarette Smoke, Heavy Metals, and Other
Oxidative Environmental Pollutants 278
VII. Nitric Oxide 278
VIII. Antioxidant Regulation of Agonist-Induced Cell
Adhesion Process 278
IX. Cell Adhesion Processes and Pathologies with
Redox Imbalances 283
References 287