Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice: A European Perspective

391 Pages·2020·9.177 MB·English

by  Lucie Pokludová

Lucie Pokludová
Editor
Antimicrobials
in Livestock 1:
Regulation,
Science, Practice
A European Perspective
Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation,
Science, Practice
Lucie Pokludová
Editor
Antimicrobials in
Livestock 1: Regulation,
Science, Practice
A European Perspective
Editor
LuciePokludová
InstituteforStateControlofVeterinary
BiologicalsandMedicines
Brno,CzechRepublic
ISBN978-3-030-46720-3 ISBN978-3-030-46721-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46721-0
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To the memory of my grandparents, Božena and Ladislav, to
whom I am grateful for directing my journey through life.
Preface
Thinking about antimicrobials, some questions necessarily should come
that touch the essence of this term and related issues. For some of these
questions,scientistshavetheansweroratleastascience-basedhypothesis.
What does antibiosis mean? What are antibiotics (or the currently used
broaderterm“antimicrobials”)?Whereandwhentheycamefrom?Whysome
microbes synthesize them? How they interact and keep the balance in
microorganisms’ecosystems?Whatisresistancetoantimicrobials?Whereit
comes from? Why we started to use antimicrobials in animals not only for
treatmentofdiseases?Andwhatistheimpactofthatbroadusebothinhuman
and veterinary medicine? What is current knowledge on the use of
antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and how can we minimize the need
for the use of antimicrobials in animals and pressure on selection of resis-
tance? What happened with antimicrobials after administration to animals?
Are their residues harmful to the health of consumers? And are the residues
risky from the perspective of resistance spread? Which concentrations of
residuesweshouldconsiderofconcern?Whatistheloadontheenvironment
caused by naturally, semi-synthetically and synthetically produced
antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine and plant protection?
And what is the extent of influence of both residues of antimicrobials and
resistanceontheenvironment?
Evensomeofthosequestionssoundverysimpleandeasytoanswer;they
are asked with increased frequency during the last decade not only by
veterinarians and farmers butalso bythe public, astheawareness ofantimi-
crobialresistanceaswellastheneedforresponsibleuseofantimicrobialsis
growing.Therefore,itseemsthatthereisagrowingneedtocometodifferent
stakeholders involved in different areas linked in some extent to solving an
issue of AMR as well as to the students and broader public with examples,
explanationsandanswersthatcanalsobeusedineverydaypractice.
The authors of this book believe that a lot of questions, including those
mentionedasexamplesabove,arefullyvalidandneedtobeaddressedusing
thecurrentopticsofknowledge.Therefore,thefollowingpagesareprovided
to the readers not only as suggested answers but also with the intention to
recognize cross-links and complexity of use of antimicrobials as well as
matterforfurtherthinkingthatisintendedtobeprovokedbythetextofthis
book,whichisdividedintotwovolumes.
vii
viii Preface
Thefirstvolumeintendstostartwithmoregeneralparts,butcontinueswith
theexacttopicscoveringtheuse,safetyandefficacyofantimicrobials,aswell
asaspectsoflaboratorytestingthatisdescribedconsideringespeciallyneedof
practice.Thefirstvolumeisdividedintoninechapters.
After the first introductory chapter comes the second one, which is
intendedtocoverstatusquowithintheinternationalcontext,coveringbriefly
theveryrecentupdateontheexistingglobalactivities.Despitethefactthatthe
issue of antimicrobial resistance is tackled from different perspectives by
different international bodies and institutions and can be seen by someone
as over discussed, the perspective of the global threat especially in human
medicineisofparamountimportance.
The third chapter is related to the second one, but brings more targeted
insights to the European Union and policies, activities as well as regulatory
surroundings considering especially new legal provisions on veterinary
medicinal products and animal health, but also highlights the importance of
the“softlaw”asguidelinesbothattheEuropeanandnationallevels.
The fourth chapter is targeted on the use of antimicrobials in animals as
wellasonthedescriptionoftheprojectsandmethodologiesofmeasuringof
theextentoftheuseofantimicrobialsinfood-producinganimals.
Thefifthchapterreflectspossiblerisksfromtheuseofantimicrobialsand
conceptsofapproachingtheserisks.Itinvolvesespeciallypartsfocusedonthe
impactonfoodchainsafety,includingconsiderationsofthepossibleresidues
ofantimicrobials(i.e.perspectiveof“chemicalsafety”)aswellasconsidering
food-borne resistance linked with extensive farming of animals producing
foodforhumanconsumption(i.e.perspectiveof“microbiologicalsafety”).
Thesixthchapterfocusesonpreventionandalternativetools,whichseem
to be essential to avoid the broad use of antimicrobials. Among the other
factors the chapter predominantly involves information on biosecurity and
hygieneconsiderationsandexamples,vaccination,welfareandothertoolsto
keepanimalshealthy.Asanimportantfactorinfluencingthescaleofprescrip-
tionindifferentcountries,socio-economicaspectsareconsidered.
Theseventhchapterdescribesprophylaxis,metaphylaxisandoff-labeluse,
as practices that were or still are extensively used in some countries/sectors,
buthighlightsthedangersthatareaccompaniedwiththem.Ontheotherhand,
the chapter also comes with the examples of the future treatment strategies
countingwithantimicrobialstewardshipapproaches.
Withintheeightchapterauthorsgiveanoverviewoflaboratoryinvestiga-
tion and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing interpretation. A criti-
cally important step for the whole laboratory testing is the decision when to
collectsampleandpropersampling.
Chapterninefocusesonantimicrobialresistance,providingsummaryboth
fromthegeneralperspectiveandfromtheperspectiveofpathogenresistance
offourmajorlivestockspeciesonwhichthesecondvolumeistargeted.
Preface ix
The second volume of the book is intended to be more pragmatic and
targetedonspecificitiesofindividualsectors—pigs,poultry,cattleandhorses,
butstartswithanintroductorychapterthatpaysspecificattentiontopharmaco-
logicalcharacteristics,especiallypharmacokineticsandpharmacodynamics.
Brno,CzechRepublic LuciePokludová
2020 Onbehalfoftheauthor’steam
–
List of Abbreviations (Vol I Chapters I X: All
Chapters Together)
AACTING Antimicrobialusageatherdlevelandanalysis,commu-
nicationandbenchmarking
ADD Animaldailydose
ADI Acceptabledailyintake
ADME Absorption,distribution,metabolism,elimination
AGISAR Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimi-
crobialResistance(WHO)
AGP Antimicrobialgrowthpromoter
AHAW AnimalHealthandWelfareEFSAPanel
AHL AnimalHealthLaw
AMC Antimicrobialconsumption
AMCRA Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals
(Belgium)
AMDUCA AnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationAct
AMEG AntimicrobialAdviceAdHocExpertGroup
AMR Antimicrobialresistance
APBP Aminophenylboricacid
APP Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae
ARfD Acutereferencedose
ARGs Antibioticresistancegenes
ARR Absoluteriskreduction
ASF Africanswinefever
AST Antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting
ATI AnimalTreatmentIndex
ATU Areaoftechnicaluncertainty
AUC Areaundercurve
BIOHAZ BiologicalHazardsEFSAPanel
BMRGs Biocide/metalresistancegenes
BRD Bovinerespiratorydisease
BRSV Bovinerespiratorysyncytialvirus
BSAC BritishSocietyforAntimicrobialChemotherapy
BVDV Bovineviraldiarrhoeavirus
CAC CodexAlimentariusCommission
xi
xii ListofAbbreviations(VolIChaptersI–X:AllChaptersTogether)
CAMHA Cation-adjustedMueller-Hintonagar
CA–SFM Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de
Microbiologie
CATFAMR Codex Alimentarius Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task
ForceonAntimicrobialresistance
CBPP Contagiousbovinepleuropneumonia
CBPs Clinicalbreakpoints
CCRVDF Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in
Food
CIAs Criticallyimportantantimicrobials
CEESA CentreEuropeend’EtudespourlaSanteAnimale
CLSI ClinicalLaboratoryStandardsInstitute
CoNS CoagulasenegativeStaphylococci
CRG CommissieRichtlijnenGevoeligheidsbepalingen
CVMP CommitteeforVeterinaryMedicinalProducts
DAEC DiffuselyadherentE.coli
DCD Definedcoursedose
DCP Decentralizedprocedure
DDD Defineddailydose
DDM Discdiffusionmethod
DDST Doublediscsynergytest
DIN DeutschesInstitutfürNormung
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid
EAEC EnteroaggregativeE.coli
EARS-net European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
Network
EASSA European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in
Animals
ECDC EuropeanCentreforDiseaseControl
ECHA EuropeanChemicalsAgency
ECOFF Epidemiologicalcut-off
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid
EEA EuropeanEconomicArea
EFSA EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority
EHEC EnterohaemorrhagicE.coli
EIEC EnteroinvasiveE.coli
ELDU Extra-labeldruguse
EMA EuropeanMedicineAgency
EP EuropeanParliament
EPEC EnteropathogenicE.coli
ERA EnvironmentalRiskAssessment
ESAC-net European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption
Network
ESBL Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamase
ESC(K)APE Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clos-
tridiumdifficile(Klebsiellapneumoniae),Acinetobacter
baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
andEnterobacteriaceae