Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century

410 Pages·2008·3.43 MB·English

by  Javier Aspa Marco

Antimicrobial Resistance
and Implications
for the Twenty-First Century
Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century
SeriesEditor:I. W.Fong
ProfessorofMedicine,UniversityofToronto
InfectiousDiseases,St.Michael’sHospital
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I. W. Fong Karl Drlica
Editors
Antimicrobial Resistance
and Implications
for the Twenty-First Century
I.W.Fong KarlDrlica
Director,InfectiousDisease InternationalCenterforPublicHealth
St.Michael’sHospital 225WarrenStreet
30BondSt.,Suite4179 Newark,NJ07103-3535
CardinalCarterWing USA
Toronto,OntarioM5B1W8 [email protected]
Canada
[email protected]
ISBN:978-0-387-72417-1 e-ISBN:978-0-387-72418-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007930198
(cid:2)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
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Preface
Formanyyearsafterthe discoveryof antibiotics,microbialresistance was largely
ignored.Now,however,theprevalenceofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms,both
inthe communityandinhospitals,hasreacheda levelthatimpactstreatmenteffi-
cacy.New,morepotentagentshavebeenintroduced,butresistantmicrobescontinue
tobeselectivelyenriched.Unfortunately,theproblemofdrug-resistantmicroorgan-
ismsextendsbeyondbacteria:it isalso ofmajorconcernwith themanagementof
viral diseases, such as that caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and with
parasiticdiseasessuchasmalaria.Meanwhile,itisbecomingincreasinglydifficult
to identify new compound classes and more active derivatives of existing agents,
especially since many pharmaceutical companies have abandoned efforts to find
anddevelopnewantimicrobials.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century serves
as a status report on resistance. This set of comprehensive,up-to-date reviews by
international experts covers problems being observed among a variety of bacte-
ria (Streptococcuspneumoniae,enteroccoci,staphylococci,Gram-negativebacilli,
mycobacteria species), viruses (HIV, herpesviruses), and fungi (Candida species,
fusarium,etc.).Thechaptersexploremolecularmechanismsofdrugresistance,epi-
demiology of resistant strains, clinical implications, and future directions, includ-
ingstrategiesforrestrictingtheacquisitionofresistance.Theworkisintendedfor
experts and students in the fields of infectious disease, microbiology, and public
health.Whileourgoalistostimulatebasicresearchonresistance,theworkshould
also help international bodies, such as the World Health Organization, formulate
effectiveplanstocombattheacquisitionanddisseminationofresistantstrains.We
hopethatthedocumentationprovidedinAntimicrobialResistanceandImplications
fortheTwenty-FirstCenturycanbeusedbypublichealthandmedicalcommunities
to exert the political pressure needed to limit the indiscriminate use of antimicro-
bialsandtoprovidetheincentivesneededtofindnewantimicrobialsandtreatment
strategies.
v
Contents
Contributors .................................................. ix
1 MechanismsofResistancebyGram-PositiveBacteria(Streptococci
andEnterococci) ............................................ 1
JavierAspaMarco,OlgaRajasNaranjo,FelipeRodriguezdeCastro,
BuenaventuraBuendía,andJesúsSanzSanz
2 EmergenceofMRSAintheCommunity ........................ 47
AdamL.Cohen,RachelGorwitz,andDanielB.Jernigan
3 AntimicrobialResistancetoSexuallyTransmittedInfections ....... 77
HillardWeinstock,DavidTrees,andJohnPapp
4 ResistanceofGram-NegativeBacillitoAntimicrobials ............ 97
PatriciaA.BradfordandCharlesR.Dean
5 MycobacterialAntimicrobialResistance ........................ 161
PeterD.O.DaviesandRichardCooke
6 AntimicrobialResistanceofAnaerobicBacteria.................. 207
EllieJ.C.Goldstein,DianeM.Citron,andDavidW.Hecht
7 Clinical Significance and Biological Basis of HIV Drug
Resistance ................................................. 231
JorgeL.Martinez-Cajas,MarcoPetrella,andMarkA.Wainberg
8 ResistanceofHerpesvirusestoAntiviralAgents.................. 263
G.BoivinandW.L.Drew
9 HepatitisVirusResistance .................................... 291
Jean-MichelPawlotsky
10 ResistancetoAntifungalAgents ............................... 325
BethA.Arthington-SkaggsandJohnH.Rex
vii
viii Contents
11 AnAnti-mutantApproachforAntimicrobialUse................. 371
KarlDrlica,J.-Y. Wang, MuhammadMalik, Tao Lu, StevenPark,
XinyingLi,DavidS.Perlin,andXilinZhao
Index......................................................... 401
Contributors
BethA.Arthington-Skaggs CentersforDiseaseControl
MycoticDiseasesBranch andPrevention
CentersforDiseaseControl Atlanta,GA
andPrevention USA
Atlanta,GA
RichardCooke
USA
HealthProtectionAgencyLaboratory
UniversityHospitalAintree
G.Boivin
Aintree
ResearchCenterinInfectiousDiseases
UK
oftheCentreHospitalier
UniversitairedeQuébecand PeterD.O.Davies
DepartmentofMedicalBiology TuberculosisResearchUnit
UniversitéLaval,Québec CardiothoracicCentre
Canada Liverpool
UK
PatriciaA.Bradford
WyethResearch,PearlRiver,NY CharlesR.Dean
USA Novartis Institutes for BioMedical
ResearchInc.
BuenaventuraBuendía Cambridge,MA
ServiciodeMicrobiología USA
HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa
FelipeRodriguezdeCastro
Madrid
ServiciodeNeumología
Spain
HospitalDr.Negrín,Universidaddelas
PalmasdeGranCanaria
DianeM.Citron
LasPalmasdeGranCanaria
DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine
Spain
atUCLA
LosAngeles,CA W.L.Drew
USA DepartmentsofLaboratoryMedicine
andMedicine
AdamL.Cohen UniversityofCalifornia
DivisionofHealthcare SanFrancisco,CA
QualityPromotion USA
ix
x Contributors
KarlDrlica JavierAspaMarco
PublicHealthResearchInstitute ServiciodeNeumología
Newark,NJ HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa
USA UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid
Madrid
EllieJ.C.Goldstein Spain
RMAldenResearchLaboratory
SantaMonica,CA JorgeL.Martinez-Cajas
USA McGillUniversityAIDSCentre
Lady Davis Institute for Medical
RachelGorwitz Research
DivisionofHealthcare JewishGeneralHospital
QualityPromotion Montreal,Quebec
CentersforDiseaseControl Canada
andPrevention
OlgaRajasNaranjo
Atlanta,GA
ServiciodeNeumología
USA
HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa
DavidW.Hecht UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid
LoyolaUniversityMedical Madrid
CenterMaywood Spain
ILandHinesVAHospital
JohnPapp
Hines,IL
LaboratoryResearchBranch,
USA
DivisionofSTDPrevention
CentersforDiseaseControl
DanielB.Jernigan
andPrevention
DivisionofHealthcare
Atlanta,GA
QualityPromotion
USA
CentersforDiseaseControl
andPrevention StevenPark
Atlanta,GA PublicHealthResearchInstitute
USA Newark,NJ
USA
XinyingLi
PublicHealthResearchInstitute Jean-MichelPawlotsky
Newark,NJ FrenchNationalReferenceCenter
USA forViralHepatitisB,Canddelta
DepartmentofVirology
TaoLu INSERMU841,HenriMondorHospital
PublicHealthResearchInstitute UniversityofParisXII
Newark,NJ Créteil
USA France
MuhammadMalik DavidS.Perlin
PublicHealthResearchInstitute PublicHealthResearchInstitute
Newark,NJ Newark,NJ
USA USA
Contributors xi
MarcoPetrella CentersforDiseaseControl
McGillUniversityAIDSCentre andPrevention
LadyDavisInstitute Atlanta,GA
forMedicalResearch USA
JewishGeneralHospital
Montreal,Quebec MarkA.Wainberg
Canada McGillUniversityAIDSCentre
LadyDavisInstitute
forMedicalResearch
JohnH.Rex
JewishGeneralHospital
AstraZenecaPharmaceuticals
Montreal,Quebec
Macclesfield
Canada
UK
J.-Y.Wang
JesúsSanzSanz
PublicHealthResearchInstitute
ServiciodeMedicina
Newark,NJ
Interna-Enfermedades
USA
Infecciosas
HospitalUniversitariodelaPrincesa
HillardWeinstock
Madrid
EpidemiologyandSurveillanceBranch,
Spain
DivisionofSTDPrevention
CentersforDiseaseControl
DavidTrees andPrevention
LaboratoryResearchBranch Atlanta,GA
DivisionofSTDPrevention USA