Table Of ContentANTIGENIC
VARIATION
ALISTER CRAIG
ARTUR SCHERF
Editors
Elsevier Academic Press
A N T I G E N I C V A R I AT I O N
A N T I G E N I C
V A R I AT I O N
Edited by
A L I S T E R C R A I G
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK
A R T U R S C H E R F
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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This book is printed on acid-free paper
Copyright © 2003 by ELSEVIER Ltd
except Chapter 16 Surface antigenic variation in Giardia Lamblia by
Theodore E. Nash
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Antigenic variation
1. Antigens
2. Biological variation
I. Craig, Alister G.
II. Scherf, Arthur
571.9'645
Composition by Genesis Typesetting Limited, Rochester, Kent
Printed and bound in England by Biddles Ltd, Guildford & Kings Lynn
03 04 05 06 07 B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Richard McCulloch, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Anderson
College, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Thomas F. Meyer, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute
for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
E. Richard Moxon, Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, University of
Oxford Department of Paediatrics, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine,
John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
Theodore E. Nash, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA
Roberta M. O’Connor, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious
Diseases, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
John Oxford, Academic Virology and Retroscreen Ltd, St Bart’s and The
London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Peter R. Preiser, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill
Hill, London, UK
Alan D. Radford, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of
Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, South Wirral, UK
David R. Soll, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, Iowa, USA
James R. Stringer, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and
Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
Christina M.J.E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Department of Medical
Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mats Wahlgren, Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre (MTC), Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control,
Sweden
Simon Wain-Hobson, Unite de R´etrovirologie Mol´eculaire, Institut Pasteur,
Paris, France
ix
C O N T E N T S
Contributors
vii
Foreword
xi
Preface
xv
1 Mechanisms of antigenic variation: an overview
1
Piet Borst
2 HIV variation – a question of signal-to-noise
16
Simon Wain-Hobson
3 Calicivirus
33
Alan D. Radford, Susan Dawson and Rosalind M. Gaskell
4 Influenza – the chameleon virus
52
John Oxford, Ramani Eswarasaran, Alex Mann and
Robert Lambkin
5 Rotavirus
84
C. Anthony Hart and Nigel A. Cunliffe
6 Haemophilus influenzae
102
Derek W. Hood and E. Richard Moxon
7 Phase variation in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide
122
Ben J. Appelmelk and Christina M.J.E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls
8 Genetic variation in the pathogenic Neisseria species
142
Thomas F. Meyer and Stuart A. Hill
9 Candida albicans
165
David R. Soll
10 The MSG gene family and antigenic variation in the fungus
Pneumocystis carinii
202
James R. Stringer
Contents
11 Trypanosome antigenic variation – a heavy investment in the
evasion of immunity
224
J. David Barry and Richard McCulloch
12 Antigenic variation in Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia
(Cowdria) ruminantium
243
Suman M. Mahan
13 Antigenic variation and its significance to Babesia
273
David R. Allred, Basima Al-Khedery and Roberta M. O’Connor
14 Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum and other
Plasmodium species
291
Mallika Kaviratne, Victor Fernandez, William Jarra,
Deirdre Cunningham, Mary R. Galinski, Mats Wahlgren and
Peter R. Preiser
15 Antigenic variation in Borrelia: relapsing fever and Lyme
borreliosis
319
Alan G. Barbour
16 Surface antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia
357
Theodore E. Nash
17 Free-living and parasitic ciliates
375
Theodore G. Clark and James D. Forney
18 The impact of antigenic variation on pathogen population
structure, fitness and dynamics
403
Neil M. Ferguson and Alison P. Galvani
Index
433
vi
C O N T R I B U T O R S
David R. Allred, Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, USA
Basima Al-Khedery, Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, USA
Ben J. Appelmelk, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection
Prevention, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Alan G. Barbour, Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and
Medicine, University of California Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine,
California, USA
J. David Barry, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Anderson
College, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Piet Borst, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Biology,
and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Theodore G. Clark, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Nigel A. Cunliffe, Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary
Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Deirdre Cunningham, National Institute for Medical Research, The
Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
Susan Dawson, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of
Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, South Wirral, UK
Ramani Eswarasaran, Academic Virology and Retroscreen Ltd, St Bart’s and
The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Contributors
Neil M. Ferguson, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Victor Fernandez, Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre (MTC),
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease
Control, Sweden
James D. Forney, Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Mary R. Galinski, Vaccine Research Center at Yerkes, Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Alison P. Galvani, Department of Integrative Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, California, USA
Rosalind M. Gaskell, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of
Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, South Wirral, UK
C. Anthony Hart, Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary
Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Stuart A. Hill, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois
University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
Derek W. Hood, Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, University of Oxford
Department of Paediatrics, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
William Jarra, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill
Hill, London, UK
Mallika Kaviratne, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway,
Mill Hill, London, UK
Robert Lambkin, Academic Virology and Retroscreen Ltd, St Bart’s and The
London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Suman M. Mahan, Heartwater Control Research Program, University of
Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology,
Gainesville, Florida, USA
Alex Mann, Academic Virology and Retroscreen Ltd, St Bart’s and The
London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
viii
