Antidotal Effect of Datura stramonium on the Toxicity of Carbofuran and Malathion Insecticides in

98 Pages·2011·1.26 MB·English

Antidotal Effect of Datura stramonium on the
Toxicity of Carbofuran and Malathion Insecticides in
Rats
By
Zuhour Yahia Shams Eldin Elshafei
University of Khartoum
BVSc 1989

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
of the University of Khartoum for the degree of Master of
Veterinary Science
Supervisor
Dr: Samia Mohamed Ali EL Badwi
Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Khartoum

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Khartoum (May 2009)
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to
my father, who taught me, that the best kind of,
knowledge to have is that which is learned for its
own sake
To...
my mother, who taught me that even the largest
task can be accomplished if it is done
one step at a time, and who have
always instilling in me the
confidence that I am capable
of doing anything I put my mind to.
To…
my Great husband, Hashim
who gave me, the courage and support.
To…
my Precious children Ahmed
Algamri and Vivian
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title  Page 
Dedication   I
Table of content II
List of tables  VI 
List of figuers  VII 
A knowledegement  IX 
Abstract   XI 
Introduction  1 
CHAPTER ONE   
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1.1 plant in this experiment,datura stramonium   5 
1.1.2 Taxonomy  5 
1.1.3. Common names  6 
1.1.4 Habitat.  6 
1.1.5. Description of the plant   6 
1.5. History and folklore  9 
1.1.6 Active compounds and pharmacology  10 
1.1.7. Clinical effects and toxicity  11 
1.1.8. Medicinal uses  13 
1.2. Pesticides  15
1.2.1 Malathion  15 
1.2.1.1. Mode of action   15 
1.2.1.2 Toxicity of malathion  16 
1.2.1.3. Fate in animals  18 
1.2.2.1Carbamate pesticides‐ carbofuran  18 
1.2.2.2 Mode of action  19 
II
1.2.2.3 Toxicity of carbofuran  19 
1.2.2.4. Fate in animals  21 
1.3 Atropine  21 
1.3.1 Mode of antidotal activity  22 
1.3.2 Pharmacokinetics  23 
CHAPTER TWO   
MATERIALS and METHODS 
2.1. Materials and experimental design  25 
2.1.1  Pretreatment  of  carbofuran  induced  toxicity  with  25 
D.stramonium aqueous extract: 
2.1.1.1 Animals, housing and management  25 
2.1.1.2 Administration and dose rates   26 
26 
2.1.1.3 Parameters 
26 
1.2  Treatment  of  malathion  induced  toxicity  in  rats  with 
D.stramonium seed extract 
26 
1.2.1 Animals, housing and managemen 
27 
2.1.2.2 Administration and dose rates  
2.1.2. 3 Parameters  27 
2.1.3 Toxicity of datura stramonium in white rats  28 

2.1.3.1 Animals, housing and management  28 
2.1.3.2 Administration and dose rates  28 
2.1.1.3 Parameters  29 
2.2 Methods  29 
29 
2.2.1 The extraction method (aqueous extract) of the plant 
2.2.2 Histological methods  30 
III
2.2.3 Chemical method  30 
2.2.3.1Glutamyl  oxaloacetic  transeaminase(aspartate  amino  30 
transferase.  L.aspartate:  2‐oxaglutarate  amino‐  transferase.  E 
c.6.1.1:g.o.t, a 
2.2.3.1.1 Test principle   30 
2.2.3.1.2 Reaction   31 
2.2.3.1.3 Protocol  31 
2.2.3.2.1 Test principle  31 
2.2.3.2 Orthophosphoric mono‐ ester phosphydrolase e.s.3.13.1;  31 
ALP. alkaline phosphatase 
2.2.3.2.1 Test principle  31 
2.2.3.2.2 Reaction  32 
2.2.3.2.3 Calculations  32 
2.2.3.3  Alanine  amino  transferase  alt  (glutamic  pyruvic  32 
transaminase,  
2.2.3..3.1 Test principle  32 
2.2.3..3.2 Reaction  32 
2.2.3.3.3 Protocol  32 
2.2.3.4 Total protein  33 
2.2.3.3.3 Test principle   33 
2.2.3.5 Albumin  33 
2.2.3.5.1 Test principle  33 
2.2.3.6 Globulin  34 
2.2.3.7 Urea   34 
2.2.3.7.1 Test principle  34 
2.2.3.7.2 Protocol  35 
2.2.3.8 Creatinine  35 
2.2.38.1 Test principle  35 
IV
2.2.3.9 Cholinesterase  35 
2.2.3.9.1 Test principle  36 
2.2.3.9.2 Cholinesterase calculations  36 
2.24 Statistical method  36 
CHAPTER THREE   
RESULTS 
3.1 Pretreatment of toxicity induced by carbofuran with datura  37 
stramonium  aqueous extract 
3.1.1 Clinical signs  37 
3.1.2 Pathological changes  37 
39 
3.1.3 Histological changes 
3.1.4 Changes in the serum constituents.  42 
Treatment  of  malathion  induced  toxicity  in  rats  with  datura  49 
stramonium seed extract 
2. 2.1 Clinical signs  49 
3.2 Pathological changes  49 
3.3.3 Histological changes  50 
3.4 Changes in the serum constituents  52 
3 Toxicity of Datura stramonium in white rats  59 
3.3.1 Clinical signs  59 
33.2 Pathological changes  59 
3.2.3 Histological changes  59 
3.2.4 Changes in the serum constituents  59 
CHAPTER FOUR  62 
DISCUSSION 
Conclusion  67 
Suggestions for future work  67 
REFERENCES  68 
V
LIST OF TABLES

   N£                                                   Title   Page
1   TABLE 1: Analysis of variance and average (mean ±SE) values of 43
serum constituents of rats pre-treated with Datura stramonium seed
aqueous extracts and intoxicated with carbofuran
2 TABLE 2: Analysis of variance and Average (mean ±SE) values of   54
serum constituents of rats post-treated with Datura stramonium
seed aqueous extracts and intoxicated with malathion
3 TABLE 3: Analysis of variance and average (mean ±SE) values of    61
serum constituents of rats treated by Datura stramonium aqueous 
extracts 

VI
LIST OF FIGURES
No Title Page 

1  6
Datura stramonium natural growth

2  Datura stramonium fruit 7

3 Datura stramonium seeds 8

4 Congestion, heamorhage in liver, spleen in rat treated with 38
carbofuran
5 Sections of livers of rats treated with carbofuran , Atropine sulphate 40
and D.stramonium seeds extract 5mg and 7.5 mg /kg body weight.
6 Focal area of necrosis and fatty change in a kidney of rat dosed 41 
carbofuran 10 mg /kg
7 Comparison between ALT levels in and rats treated with carbofuran 45 
D.stramonium seeds extract and carbofuran and Atropine sulphate
and carbofuran.
8 Comparison between ALP levels in and rats treated with carbofuran, D. 46 
stramonium seed extract and carbofuran and Atropine sulphate and
carbofuran.
9 Comparison between AST levels in and rats treated with carbofuran, D. 47 
stramonium seed extract and carbofuran and Atropine sulphate
carbofuran.
10 Comparison between cholinesterase levels different group of rats treated 48 
with carbofuran , D. stramonium seed extract and carbofuran and
Atropine sulphate and carbofuran.
11  Sections of livers of rats treated with malathion , Atropine sulphate and 51 
D. stramonium seed extract 5mg and 7.5 mg /kg body weight seed extract
5mg and 7.5 mg /kg body weight
12 Comparison between ALT levels in and rats treated with malathion, D. 55 
VII
stramonium seed extract and malathion and Atropine sulphate and
malathion.
13 Comparison between AST levels in and rats treated with Malathion, D. 56 
stramonium seed extract and malathion and Atropine and malathion.

14 Comparison between ALP levels in and rats treated with malathion, 57 
D.stramonium seed extract and malathion and atropine sulphate and
malathion\
15 Comparison between cholinesterase levels in and rats treated with 58 
malathion, D. stramonium seed extract and malathion and Atropine and
Malathion.

16 Sections of livers of rats treated with D. stramonium seeds extrat 60 

VIII
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This piece of work will never be accomplished without our God with His
blessings and His power that work within me and also without the people
behind my life for inspiring, guiding and accompanying me through my
master study.
From the formative stages of this thesis, to the final draft, I owe an immense
debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Samia Mohamed Ali ELbadwi,
Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, for her countless hours of
help, guidance cooperation and patience, during my research. She was
always accessible and willing to help. As a result, research life became
smooth and rewarding for me. I have learned so much, and without her, this
would not have been possible. Thank her so much for the great experience.

Special thanks extended to the staff members in the Medicinal and Aromatic
Plant Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Department of
Pharmacology for their help, encouragement, and support during my
research.

Furthermore, grateful thanks are expressed to Dr. Aarif Abed Almoneim
Seed Ahmed; Elrebooa Medical Company Co. Ltd. He had always been a
constant source of encouragement during my research study.

My deepest gratitude goes to Shifac Company for Trade Service Co. Ltd.
For their generous support which was greatly appreciated, special thanks to
Dr. Mekki Esmail, the manager for his great help.

IX