Anthropology : race, language, culture, psychology, prehistory

920 Pages·1948·40.074 MB·English

by  Alfred L. Kroeber

KROEBER
ANTHROPOLOGY
RACE•LANGUAGE•CULTURE
PSYCHOLOGY • PREHISTORY
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY
New York
COPYRIGHT, 1923, 1948, BY
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be re¬
produced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
[f-4-52]
A. L. kroeber: anthropology
New Edition, Revised 1948
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT ANTHROPOLOGY IS ABOUT
I. ANTHROPOLOGY, BIOLOGY, HISTORY 2. ORGANIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL
ELEMENTS 3. ORGANIC OR “PHYSICAL” ANTHROPOLOGY 4. SOCIOCUL¬
TURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 5. EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND EVOLUTIONIS¬
TIC FANCIES 6. SOCIETY AND CULTURE 7. ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
CHAPTER TWO: MAN’S PLACE IN NATURE
8. ANTECEDENTS TO MAN’S DEVELOPMENT 9. MANY-CELLED PROBLEMS:
MOUTPIS, VENTS, HEADS, TAILS 10. SIZE, BONE, LIMBS II. BODY TEM¬
PERATURE AND VISION 12. NERVES AND BRAIN 13. SEX 14. WATER,
LAND, AIR 15. SLEEP AND PLAY l6. AGE AND YOUTH 17. SOCIALIZATION
l8. THE SOCIAL INSECTS 19. TWO CONVERGENT SOCIALIZATIONS: ANTS
AND TERMITES 20. ANIMAL COMMUNICATION 21. THE PRIMATE ORDER
IN WHICH MAN IS RANGED 22. MONKEYS 23. APES 24. THE ORANG¬
UTAN 25. THE CHIMPANZEE 26. THE GORILLA 27. MAN AMONG THE
ANTHROPOIDEA 28. ANTICIPATIONS OF CULTURE AMONG APES: INVENTION
29. OTHER POSSIBLE FORESHADOWINGS OF CULTURE 30. HUMAN SPECIALI¬
ZATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS 31. THE UNKNOWN ORGANIC BASIS
OF THE FACULTY FOR CULTURE 32. SPECIALIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
POSTURE 33. BRAIN SIZE 34. SPECIALIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF¬
DOMESTICATION 35. GENERALIZED HUMAN TRAITS
CHAPTER THREE: FOSSIL MAN
36. NATURE OF THE FOSSIL STORY 37. PITHECANTHROPUS 38. SINAN¬
THROPUS 39. HEIDELBERG MAN 40. THE PILTDOWN FORM 41. AFRICAN-
THROPUS 42. THE AUSTRALOPITHECUS GROUP 43. SUMMARY OF PROTO-
ANTHROPIC FORMS 44. PALAEOANTHROPIC FORMS: NEANDERTAL MAN,
CLASSIC PHASE 45. NEANDERTAL MAN: INTERGLACIAL OR EASTERN PHASE
46. PALESTINIAN MAN 47. RHODESIAN MAN 48. SOLO MAN 49. NEAN-
THROPIC RACES: CRO-MAGNON 50, NEANTHROPIC MAN IN NORTH AFRICA:
AFALOU 51. NEANTHROPIC RACES IN SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA 52. NEAN-
IV CONTENTS
THROPIC RACES IN ASIA AND OCEANIA 53. SUMMARY OF HUMAN FOSSIL
DEVELOPMENT 54. SOME DOUBTFULS 55. THE METRIC EXPRESSION OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 56. MORE MEASURE COMPARISONS 57. BRAIN
SIZE
CHAPTER FOUR: LIVING RACES
58. RACE ORIGINS 59. RACE CLASSIFICATION 60. TRAITS ON WHICH CLAS¬
SIFICATION RESTS 6l. THE GRAND DIVISIONS OR PRIMARY STOCKS 62.
CAUCASIAN RACES 63. MONGOLOID RACES 64. NEGROID RACES 65. POPU¬
LATIONS OF DOUBTFUL POSITION 66. CONTINENTS AND OCEANS 67. HIS¬
TORY OF THE CONTINENTAL AND THE THREEFOLD CLASSIFICATIONS 68.
FINER SUBDIVISIONS OF THE WHITE RACE 69. TRAIT DISTRIBUTIONS 70.
THE DENIKER, HUXLEY, AND BOAS SCHEMES 71. THE POLISH, VON EICK-
STEDT, AND HOOTON CLASSIFICATIONS 72. BLOOD GROUPS AND GENES 73.
EFFECTS OF SELF-DOMESTICATION 74. SELECTIVE FACTORS 75. PLASTICITY
76. THE HOLOGENETIC THEORY 77. ENDOCRINE THEORIES OF RACE 78.
THE FINE-COARSE-TYPE THEORY 79. CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES 80. RACE,
NATIONALITY, AND LANGUAGE
CHAPTER FIVE: PROBLEMS OF RACE DIFFERENCE
8l. QUESTIONS OF ENDOWMENT AND THEIR VALIDITY 82. ANATOMICAL
EVIDENCE ON EVOLUTIONARY RANK 83. PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
84. INCIDENCE OF DISEASES 85. SPECIALTIES OF NEGRO PATHOLOGY 86.
ACHIEVEMENT AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 87. TESTS ON THE SENSE
FACULTIES 88. INTELLIGENCE TESTS 89. STATUS OF HYBRIDS 90. EVI¬
DENCE FROM THE CULTURAL RECORD OF RACES 91. EMOTIONAL BIAS AGAIN
92. SUMMARY
CHAPTER SIX: LANGUAGE
93. LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP: THE SPEECH FAMILY 94. CRITERIA OF
RELATIONSHIP 95. SOUND EQUIVALENCES AND PHONETIC LAWS 96. THE
PRINCIPAL SPEECH FAMILIES 97. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES BY TYPES
98. PERMANENCE OF LANGUAGE AND RACE 99. THE BIOLOGICAL AND HIS¬
TORICAL NATURES OF LANGUAGE 100. PROBLEMS OF THE RELATION OF
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 101. PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE 102.
SPEECH, CULTURE, AND NATIONALITY IO3. RELATIVE WORTH OF LAN¬
GUAGES 104. SIZE OF VOCABULARY 105. QUALITY OF SPEECH SOUNDS