Table Of Content/; cLz:
Joel M. HalFlern
DeFt. ot A i."ih.::irolc$y
Univ. (,i i!';,r$ :i.
Amherst, [,]esr. OIOO2
ANIHROPOLOGY
OF THEC ITY
An Introductioton UrbanA nthropology
EDWIN EAMES
Ban& Conzge-4uNf
IT'DIIII GNANICH GOODE
PRENTICE,HALL, INC,, ENGLEIVOOD CLIFFS. NEW JERSEY 07632
Librory ol C^eres CotatoEine in p&liuti@ Data
,{ntholology of tlc city.
(PJe,ti@ Hdllseds m anfuopolosy )
In<ludesi ndexs-
l. Urban anthropology. L Coode,J udnh cnnilh,
joint author. U, Titlp.
cN395_E25 301.36 76-57696
ISBN 0-13-038414_s
Prentice-Hal Series in AnthroDoloe]
Dnrid ll. Srhrridet, Etlitol Contents
AcrNowIlDcME as
@ 1977b y Prentic€-Ha , rnc., Engl€wood Clifs, New Jersey OZ6J2
PART ON& WHAT IS UNBAN ANTHROPOLOCY?
All riahtsr csere.t. No wd ol thrj bookM s bc rcprcdwed
tn nnv tord or bg ong mea$
u ithout pprtuie\ioni^ utiting lrm !hp rtublkhq. 1 TrlE DwET4FMENoTF ANrHnopolocr
a Tlrc Conceptuol Ba.ris 3
PriDted in the United Statas of America The Sociopolitidtl Basis 6
r0987A5492
The StudlJ of Co,nplex Societv I
P!dw.E-H^LL IN"THN^n or {, lNc, Loldon The Enegence of Utban Arnhrcpoloev 13
:llr)llE::{L G luslFArs pn. L,M,rEDs.e dpy Recoenition of the SubfleLdo t
nENrc! H^J,L oF C$M^- Lm., Toronto Utban Antbopoloe! 17
rFrNri E.HALL or Imr^ purt^rF LMrrEq Npio rptri The Dot@in of Utban Anttuopoloev 19
rEENrcE rt{!l oF Jap^\ INc., Ior<,./o The Impotu)nce of Utuan Anthtopoloev
fRf,.w' E.H{ L r rsr Avr pre. Lm.. S",sapoe Devite the Ldck of Clearcut Defnition 26
\vF rEH{LL BooRs -LSnorrn rEmD ,tr .llinqt@. Np!. 7rnl4;r
Trs MEANTNG oF UnBAN rN UnBAN SrlrDlEs UNrrs o.INaEGn rroN 2rB
UNE^N AN'TIInOFOI,OCY 30 Sitttttunql Urban lunctions 217
A^NnDtb opologA in the CitV 3j TenpotuI Eaents 232
Utban Ind.uslrial SocietV 32 Sttuctwal Forfution n8
AntltopologV of Cities 33 Netioor&r 6 Linkine Mechanisna 242
The "Ufian" ifl SocintS cience Js The Citu As a Whale 243
The Ndrwe oI Urban Cenle6 as Opposeitt o Rural-UtbonL inkaees 248
The BehaeiotalC o8equenceso I Ltfian Centers Sunnarg 2
Other Soutces of Canfrflon 51
| ,l'a4 .4\tlnot'ol,..t -,t,t I Lt, itu,tp. il
Summarg 67 PART F'OUA:W HAT To DO AND WHAT NOT TO DO
METHoDS, TEcNeuEs, aND ETHICS
PART TIVO: CITIES IN PENSPECTIVE 7l Research Design 258
Units of Andllsis 262
Situatio,vl A'wbsrs 276
TEE Ror-E or Crflr,s Fornal l^ttitutiotlt 277
O eins ol the CitV 7s Thz CiE os a Whole 278
The Ecological Percpectiae 75 The Fieduo* Enteryrise in the City 278
The Functional Roles ol Cities 78 values ond Ethics n0
Culturul Robs 88 BegondC rcup Lthnogtuphv ms
Lbban Tspologies 1C0 Sunurwry ?n2
The Dgmmics of ContertualR etatiolships jOI
D|tnmic lderaction ond Lhban AnthrcWbgV I(n TIm CULrunE oF PovEnrI
Sunnutg 111 A M$^IPrlc^rroN or ANrnRoPoLocY
To CoNTEMPon^RY ISSUES 304
The Cultwe of Poa€tta Concept gfr
What is Urban about the Culture ol Poxen|? 313
PANT THPIEE: URBAN ETHNOGtRAPHI
Methodolaeu 314
Ethics and PoIicrJl nrplicdtiottt 319
PRrlranr UNrrs Sumnury 322
ll7
SocialN etao .t and Dgadic Ties 118
Xj,'"ship 14O 325
Donestic Units 153
Sunnury 157 I^'Ds
Authar 328
Suuect 332
Mrlon Unrex Couronnrs:
NErcHDoRFooDE,r HNrc Cnour, rro Occurerror 160
Cnups Basedo n Comnnn Resirttnce 161
CroupsB asedo n Connon Cultwe of OriAin 172
CroupsB dsedo n the Dit Lion of Labot 1SS
Ahu Cateeoiar 2l2
Sumnarg 213
To our studentt, patt atul preseht,
Acknowledgments
u.hos ptred B a soundinl hoa t lot nans ol ow ideF_
And to luturc studcntsu ho- oe hop?, use the* id.as.
']i
This volume owes much to many in&viduals. Although they are too
numerous to single out, there are several groups and individuals Nhose
coDtiibutios were particularly notewo hy.
Several oI our colleagues in the Department o{ Sociology and AD-
thropology at Baruch Collegc (City Univcrsity of New York) lnd the
Departmmt of Anthopology at Temple University have nade substan-
tivc contsibutions and been a source o{ encourag€ment. In particular, we
would like to thank h-orman S. Stor€r, Eugene Cohen, Henry Selby, and
willian Schw.b. Through our teaching and collaborating with c$llcagucs
in the Urban Studies Program in the College of Liberal Arts at Temple
Univesity, an excitemenat bouti nterdisc&lindy urban studiesw as gener-
.ted. Thesec olleaguesa lsop rovided m.lny points of view and inforna
tion reflected in this volume.
..,lil9,t f",i v ma wasp rrficurartyim porranitn rh. dcvptopmcnt
^or, rnx vorum.. sjnce he prcsid.d ovcr the Cotumbia Univehiry s;miror
on Cin,tcnt.and \tFrhod, ol rhc S,,ciat S.renrcr. ar which some of rhe Part One
roea\ emDodred in rhis te\r wcr. dkcusscd. Thn si mir,ar prcs.nration
$Js iar.r incorg{atcd r\ J chJprer in a rotume h" edit.d ;ntided T;e
, . i nr-orrghol'tt his rotume \ve h.rre tr.qucnrty inorporared Drimaru
:1.:.:,: l.:l:g i,, r$.ou bitn proic(rsr.h . rraria,F^m.ri;n rood-pn,hct
D rnlndFtphiJ dv'r n,uch ot s \uccc* to lanet The,phdno and K;,, WHATI S URBAN
;:l'; ;:l;;,[il.li: ;;]"i"'#"]'l;,j;'i,lj;tiil,';t.,;:,;l;1
;.,
H,,,ndnr suc\,.u ere rrg.ry r.sporriblnto r *" i", l.J'.l.'
vPnpmer(_or lhnl prnjc.r. Th. pu,,jabi nigranr res-c,arm,ih.. in \\,oher- ANIHROPOLOGY?
mmpr,n. Enqtancti , hedity indcbted to Howard nobboy.
y,':Hf;;.'i"F Dc,,icAhid .&,nn h'|a ,r.
;HI ;"ill il,l;T 3;::i
part,rrart rve mnrrihur.ds isnifmnrrryo rh.
-,o^m__p1re".r1on:o- lt, ,rlhlqn* v*,,i h'", m. Therci nr.tudeD: on Burti6. Ceatf iotzman,
and.{nhur \turphy. Secrcrariarte rviccsw ere provtdedb y Virginta Jia
Eledix"vchz Debbie Ciraoto.a nd Heten\ ve i;g,.". Th.""l*i
tion oI rhe mansoipr owe, much ro *," ",.*,*=
effortso f Aqama Cinsold. "1"n.-p,"t.*. ".j-.[iril.c
f"^f.,i., ;Il*"lr. :;ll:: .-,l1l*i ,1or at,l,vib :o'o;kh^ |rsTa F:au*m:a''h,-cm :p"acJot n"$ ;. idRairy:%5?:tr;l"nH
Larry..Andy. and h\h I wcre sood sporrsa nd *,y;r"i;;;,:;;;
strgesr D the proiect.
An)one has becn awue of rcccnt treDds in aDthropolog) must bc
st'uck b!' vhthoe movement of the ffeld toward the studv of life ni cities.
The popular imrge ot the anthropolosist cldhed nt khaki sLorts and
pith hclmet. carn'il]g a mNsive notebook. and nrterrog.rting natives as
thc), pursue their tribtl rituals is obYtuusly nt image that is no longet
amrate. This chaDgev as underliDed in .r recemt? in" magazine xrticle:
\ryhen tlvo well dressed strrngers tuned up at a sleek apart
meDt buildiig on Chicago's Cold Coast, thc doom.n called thc
cops. The nen e{ptained they werc aDthroPologists{ rom the Uni
\ersitv of Chicago, aNious to shrdy rich families "The policcrnan
couldrit betieve it. said oDe of thc nren 'He looked ffrst for nv
It cyck pedix Britannica, tLen for nr1' vacuum clcarer and thcr
asked what was the ginimick."
^xEnoPo4Y?
ytr"Hi:.ri3tri"fl,:,;{iii:xii":}:i
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fif i
t;:i,:{:;x, ;i"g#x;.:,;iiil ;,i1it",lii:." ,*l:t*l,i-li..: I
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,,.:J"i:i: .;I;",ii:.rl':.":ll
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TheD evelopment
r',h,i, Erhno{rr'h,tr rheL in,lersity p},...ir,,,,".
lJ;":l;1;,_
"r
of Anthropology
i"* l:1$i11,*.""tt"1"l'.T::$"*t,y;f:f1 lr
j|," n ,**.a"" ."."r.,.,"r,,,i"ri,," ,si#ii;ilT,$*;'*1"g
n,mbpr
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$*# ;T#;'h;:.;:,:::r:rs'ns
il,;lilx./r,t"#:iffi
:TT;l!,:".,-tri:,'::l,f.o;:.,i:
ilii*,t;'-.;i*'
:1#T'ri.::.'ltiitlj;**'d
.,*...ffI1,-;fr
,- h:*l'xnHrT :;
-r$lltihrcd ereropm,e,rna t n.ws uhGc*rnd. a ,,,r,""
l;.:l;l,iri]'"r
--
Co!{cFrual, BAsrs
=ii i,i* ,::*:-* i:rr ll lirl iilTii*#tr r Although the maior thrust of this volume is in th€ direction of
rl#fi.:,F.;'";"l:cist1ablis/hin,et *he brsic charncteristicso f the newly €nergent subff€ld
*rri*:ru;l"xilii*lf of uban aithropology, it is apFopriate to place this development within
thc larger contert ol the history of anthropologv For mnv who have
had littJe experienccw ith professionadl nthtupologv,t he popular imagc
of the ffel<li s that it deal exctDsivelvw ith exotic People and exotic
customs. ActrElly, this view of traditionrtly based anthropologv is not
far rernovedf rom the truth. Anthropologvd id have its origins in the
I, #Ji;n'."J.(;\le}l, y,rit: :)'., tD#e]F?m b€rr \2n3v,t 9L?o4u, Dr'.' so a i.hc cit,csr .r Fit'r,rrr ip5 r., ).'{ statrcrtdeTdvoha te, s Eocruicgrroilnpleseo daf' nPmn rJoitdmioeiNrtni vaF enlpsihJ.rn osdpaeotdal otghgc.iic<r a octlh oro l"oupngrihrglt aa Pnlmes up' sisruheasol lvwa etttreib cuotend
to rior Bridh, A'ne crn, German,a nd Frenchs cholarso f the ninetecnrh
'';1["ilil,::::":,i;;1il]m;
[!F:iif;"llii:]lilufl ()dc of the most brsic criticisnrs of the efio s of the nineteenth-
cenhtry anthropologists is that their descriptions of primitive soiiehes
lhp.Iirrts ignin,.,ndr .EnitioDo r thp corem ncepro f.uiture., His work w"rc f;.*a upon direct coDtrct with the noD western people dis-
;t;;.;;:; "'",f:flii'ij: ,.:.f$fi :,frftI':l.:Jff lJl 5f :l;T: cussed'r. oTt hese anthropologists nle frequentty ref€ned to in derogatorv
"'i:l'Jii'i,:i r,rnh xs nrnrchaii r,'thropoloqi.ls Th"ir primary 'ources oi d'ta wFr'
i:!fl illl;ixilp,,;,"'i'Jlli..::jil1.:;tTllla;cc#ounts of curious custonN writte by othe$ missionaries, traders'
erplorers, and colo ixl administrators Onc o{ the most signiffcant shifts
ffi: :; ',i.':i,",,#1"';;1;i 5,l1li', l,f1 fJi l:"T:.t' *i in thc twentieth century is the rtl-penasive enphnsis uPon feLlr,ork'
"'ffi Roas ft America, Ilahrowski and RadcliEe-Brown in England, all
;;; , "",'i,;1:,", ,: ";; i"!,;t l'ii l"ii:;:l i,ll:.,:::i:1",,.:"is:tressedt he iotporiur.e ol doirrg ffcld$orl
EmcrgiDg fron this *'as the developnent of technqlres to "do
:"Y!:"il ":"t","" ani nterpretar"ior n*" .",i*'",r'*.Ji'"1-y ii ffeldwork," the nxlst signiffcant of whi.i is rcfetred to rs participant
ilil:'i: Li':T';:::il:"levelopnent rrornm orep rimitiveo r savage obsenotion. Tl\e uderlying assumption of pa icipant observation is
that if yo{ live with, participnte in, and olxerve a people and thelr
:j-1li.'.;ii:1:i:1 l'" *.,:'1fi:1?':T%Hj: 1fi[,:1)f: f:i "Jg; behavioi, you gain a baiic undcrstanding of their wav of lifc- We should
note that ihis tcchnique developed rvithin the coDtert of studvnrg snnplv
r\plomtion. djis'c;or;ryT. 'an:d, :co.tu;nHizatioinf ifltoi :rJnan;yJ,rheir. .a,re1as 1ot irh.e^T3rl"org"an"iz.€d Tsmia#ll groups of people ln this situation, nn anthropologist
i:"?-1iiI .p"nding a r""' ot rwo tiving $ith a group ',t pcoplc could g"r to
"*i
;1"'l"i.H';1,:..,,:I3n;,i""';,;;iI'"T'',J ll, "t.t''-r"ri r.*^f t1le. "* ba-soic' t faborti ct ho"mf thaenird "couultuldre, inU inadc€rt , stch.c suc ntcoolnddiintiogn bse, tothrce haisn tehrvoo-:
DoloEistr culd r." thc inl, ot the mJnv aspectso t tilF Su{h
quest.iornnFs_ anlrdn artttFemenptthe-dc tcon at,rr$rwye evro rlhuetimo.n Aktrtsh oduirgehc ;r"l,y" ;;c;;o;"nil;f:ronred these ate ennothii-screinctr uireyw r(mtucthral irp erms'dpthc.r.pofciptnoedt o|. ng$icsaPts\ , hcwkhino g teinn dtehdF ato" 'od'renstcsri "bte npinare--
:p-so;uloicg:his "rtss' h.tnah1vce lj md *ispc$liacrad:he'Dd; nn"ason Jfy E'ou:fr o'thJoee aa:sniss 'uuJmp:ti;on's:o :f :un'iltiYneal; e'v"olTurioTn i"'e-iitsiictuiud'leiie sl bcaussetodm usp own itfhfeoludtw orrke {earnedn cpea tictoip atnhte il obcsoenrtvcaxtti.o n Tahree thdee secrthipDtiovcg-
raDhies tlat fot tl" of the data anthropologists have collected
and analv'cd. One of -trh"e most signiffcant contributions oI the urban
n"r::I.f'ff fiJ rJ:;li,ifi'ilTi;.':f:f' :#:T..'ilffit antlropotogist has been to takc these techniques into the city'
A; a;thmpolosisLs did more and nore of these ethnographic
in.moLlerna .nrh,opotosyF. or ihc ninprepnrh.e..",y il: studies, the po6ntial for conparison expanded ln other social science
;i'i'1."i;I":Ti ;:i li lj':fl; i;:ffi;,'J"H"",;;";i":;;*; l,l,TJ1; disciplines, vben the term comparative is Lrsed,i t fr€quentlv has a more
showth ed nersiro) f humatnif .wry.r ndi. a"e*,r,*1, i"Li Iomomit;pda ratrin\re angioDvge rtnhnaenn ti t cdoouersse isn ina npthomlitipcoall ogsyc,i eansc,€ fo{or cuesx aumpPonle , omt}oresrt
^p..,..r
i {iH"j:$i:::1i ;x"._",H"[:1;:,T],:1i:f":i" *#,ii'#:, f; strtcs in Europe and North America. Recentlv, histo ans have
"a^dtdi;end some sreatcr brerdth to this notion bv incl ding in their "com-
many an anthropologist, the ideal is to work witr, __! *r-ly al,"."i,J parative" repeJtory sevcrat of thc non-Nestem literate civilizations How-
ri"ll'i:::i: : '"*l",illt;', i;": t;.t,.:iffljit i;**lll e"er, *he" anth.opologists are comparrtivc," they encomPasst hc totrl
exoame of human erperience
"Y"'ffi:[]'jJ';:"f;:'1"il:'".' rn'hroporosists.'rheemrea irne w \torl rnthropol;gi.ts uoLrld dcffnc thnir ffeld rs thF shtdv of m^n
Ilowever, cven f;m thn bricf review of the dcvelopnent of the dis-
ildMd Tylm, prtntiae c,ttute (Neu.york: Ildltr and Row, l9S8) (originat coiiD"olin"-ew. ..itt ".i"s obvpioeuosp l.t,h awt itPhi mvaerryy liettmlep heamsips hl$viass ppllaacceedd uuppoonn sthves tesmtuadtvic
;:i;:,13:ki',f"'#,'{ cii'He'ti.f,o\r'.At n*tvo tt tuH utuLF amiktw' th- study of complcx Euro-American society. Only reccndv have anthro-
pologists broadened their spectrum to inctlde "lrs" as rvell as "them "
r
:As! a1Dtuhrop ologinlt :ms lolv:ed: t;o :th:e, stlDid#yo f*.i,sx,,,tfhfe:yil Tlrinra lilyt t)"ccir:n*rle. t n,,t:yr r,,€(.nrititl.y., i vh .ar.v-€i ""a.tn thropot{,gists'n, tcaxkremn inniontigc eth oefi rt hoew cnlo rscel ar€ltaiotinonsshhipip.t o
phioncna" twTitlin iJa l:nu ch. btr:o:.dcfr fpic rspective ttraD thrir sistcr sociat iot*'"r*-o,-'d.r*'u.i"'nc .rd,' .pt}ale"g ly€a ders "oufta lont}ndle* t t^fhftec"' l.d c o3tooial expansion o{ those nations that
;:*i :l i,::,1 i"1;:f ,:":ai,iill: "J:x'l;,";.*.J,"fie'l:d$io.rjk wi.a st} lceo 6nrdsut {dt edc aimdeost orgf thceo lotwneiznetidet phe ocepnletusr wy,h oan $thtrroFp oildomgiicna-l
;:; ;. fi 'Ji.ffl:J:'Jil.';j"",,#ifl,;:,r ;":l?"Ti.T"i,,irl",;i*rv into nat;nal empires' Nratinowski did his rvork
."o'e rit"" *r.,ro",b*"'ai. 'a l\landFA $ho wrrc und'r the politic{l donrina-
";I l ;i "l[ ::';il]:;' ",;.ii, i. i t;l:? ii. ;Ji .ll,ll; ri,"t;i:iiL. iiJr].r 'a"*T', r".,'"ri 'w. ,c,r*et RcorJn,trliollllce Bdr bov' vtnhd cr dB hriitsis $ho r'sk apmato nogtf h t'h e{nitd lanmdi' xt'
ff"n:"j*::"j*:iJ:theiritish d Amenca;rn,, *""* s;L;,i.;;" a;f,;-;""i ". i'r"rtr'."* *d,o mnonf ttchdc sbev t sthrieti sBhr ritnisthhr.o wPhoilleo grisntaswn ovr okfe tdh perinr rrners eva nrcrh
* iif#;:,:"J,"iil,""1',i::'rmj*#;l*:T" .r.-."" ," ai'""t"a t.'"ard answernrgq uestions about the humnn condi-
*Jli*:'; "i.ii..,. t' t.."-. increasinglyd iftcult to disassociateth e b:rsic research
l-i.l"".,i lil::lT]":"ff i;*i::'.1::'* ;":l'"'":".";h."" -.."ni;;;" s-i-Jt-ui ;dny*" *io "*f,* i""nt a tivet oA ffruictahne rl a;nddln tiennisutrrea stivvset ecmfrcso ier nlecrvda ensdh icpo nptarottle Tmhsu ms'i gthhet
and concern,b ut the resultso f such researchc ould
illjlqlk*""i:-.,,I;*;.r*t#**i{#$l;*:
be {and wcre)" 4u"s"e d to maintain control over native populations Sini-
; iT't:";:;,':lJ[.JJ:.H:;I;,:;'J, " "1.,t; .r*rlr i;.lill' tgu*'st v ic". "ttetr"e dt init"a tSht.a tAems,em duccnhn oInf dtiahne rpeospeualartciohne fidoormt sintiamteudl abtvc dt hbey
"po"
rpurloogmy. .S.normdhe ,eria\ dopicaio l ,renojarfr, i vii;s;ts w;;js;h; ;r,oiT[,1"Hil."1:il.,Li UniteLdi kSct artcnsa ngvo voetmhenre nstociat sciences, anthroPologv was grentlv in-
cos,,iirv e,s rru(ul h . dnd symhotic'n;."n*, u.*"p Ji. .-irl,"g,"""i,'". foluf ernnacnekdi bnyi, wgoe;nlde raWteadr a I Ig reTahte v arv aert,v w ohfi cahn tdhirreocptolvlo ginicvaoll vaecdti vthitice sn nwjohdicthv'
l;',,ii")l.ii.\JlI[l],T': thisd pprodcbhu 's eDerariz:ratjbooD-sum t rn' under oth.. iiistoacal cirornstances, might not hav€ developel as quicklv
*:_ fIri l ;s plitc; ior:{ ftib *e t;im.ft;sl {o;f : cu*ltuiralt ;re"j r:i{:*:l=,urt"n'{.' odrir eina lya uiltnev othlvee ds aamneth droirpeoctloiognis tsO innc epfniortritcsu ltaor usntdraenrsdt ainn dt h'ce nwenayr "e fciourlt-
t"."" i" to t."h"iqu"" to hasten thc victorv of the Allied
ff: ri'r";jr''i.T*r*:'ii'.1iHii:}i;r".ri::.iiro{.-sr. rA-sd, "a. "' e,*af-"p"feieg u"ro[f t his we hrve the work of Ruth Ben€dict, whose
l.olt,'" disttnce" studics werc extremelvs igniEcanta nd resulted
in th€ Du^btl ic"a tion of Ii€ Chrysanthenwm anl th{' S1,o"Z, a classic studv
:i: jj:i-:".-:.'f.f: Hl":iJi"_".iil:il:x1*:*;*J.'it*io*f *the Japnnese4 Another grouP of anthropologists studicd Amcrican
accouDtsw tten bl, Dosr sociotogistse.c onomistso, r p"f,U*f *r",d.tr. fpmrldt .rhnasli i;" ,twrditeh rt hl'e, xetoialil?o cf i iln"mho.d iunc qinres cJhls aunpgpelsivn i n t hlhe 'A mmicdlidc :ornf d 'rie wttaryF
ilmel ood shortal..' \ third efiorlu hlizedt hc lrlcnt\ ot Jnthropolugirrs
TrD Socropol.rrrcal, BA$s 3 Dide Iasis, "Anthropology and Coloni.lisn ' cfftnr An'hropoloev, 14 11973)
Yt"ff1,**tt*. rIE chrysanttvmtmo d the sbotd: P",te* ol tal^lc cutturc
It shouid brce npo(tcsde rhnatt aa;l 1to ;iv;f ;tc;h:e i :n:i:n'T;:I""",:x'iilT';tr ,i&ii.xir*o-n' : Hrrrn.risah. t-ocDltl'i "fl'lgi!: .sC uF,o 1d9l4 H6a)bir.,ar hp Pur.wtr Pei "d ,n \/lr'ltdn tn'
ului-",'*- t^"iiii oia L"e"t,ri," uo,*.nr E7A \P$ Yarl \rrrr loint t/ en''rtrc c 'm-
ffili}:';i.\'ffI':*.:JiJ,: -,i;;,fi'":':il,i$l;:.L;:;l; .,""1"" \'i"i,-.-iqe. pp 60_64:: is fi'anrq 'pa1' nficgitua' r@l t"rrPm"
nC61.r.n,| 6Indl A'..ptan.r BesPat'hc omnitt' '
om*.t Ouarr.tubl"' cPncral $ahinsron Dc t946 pp 6'l_67'
",i',J.i.
I
ii",T"i:l'H1'l:,."ll and studyo f r.rpaneswe ar RerocatiocD€n rers ir The Ioregoingd iscussi(,nd ocumentsth e contcntiont bat the growth
n"n'|rtropowran'sh ve of .rnthroplogy is rcht.d to thc larger socioPoliticasl ystcmt hat stinu
g*T i::'q;:l'r;'H6lff*i lil1;;ii'ti'[*"{ rtr#:i;lii lrted it. For some,ve{rsIn ^v the AmericaDA nthropologicaAl ssociahon'
-.".'',i 1 :irffiil , rvhichi s the ofrcitl orgrni,utn)n of the disciplinc in the United Stzrtes,
hasb e€n wrestlingw ith tlrc problem of developinga code of ethics to
lr:-l.o,'Iiil)T r" ii,. ,rpsrnuItdn.y itlhs Frp ,po.rFrrci(raust*. .rip ,nrp"alt"r ruiuon* o"rr ,p"i,"u.b,t_c, i i"$,r,r,hi i.r,tr". stlercr vseua bsf iae lgduo ifd uer bfoarn t aLt,rtuthrreor epsoeloagrcyhT hese ethical issuesa re central to
P"hic' it"' rt* *o'(r '"ap '.,"i'""r
i;l1'3inbs "Dd ",
l',., i,Til.i\inJiol:tt:;rlui. il" U:,l,. f- ,,:i :O,;e: $,'rrT ,,,r[ th,c. J;e,tilEf,,.,t':]i,n. THE SauDY oF CoMPLEX SocrErY
]*::1,
$'hile world war lI and its aftermath stimrlatcd certain changes
:ill;;: '1:,'ii-J1,:|n:; i,l":.i.:": :r:-P: ,irlrT,drico:,r r,o i\t.ir: ,ni.u;\orf rl r r,"a -"r,,pin*,jo ,rj. iwna ar nththarto ipcodl otog ic. acl hermlrgpihnags icso, ontshteitrlr eenvceyn ftosr h tahde orccsccuarer.dh eer.v eIIn.n bye foinrtch rtole-
"i ili::t,l,it,: iil l;ff ; pologists ivere no longer doing ffeldrvork in isolated bbal societies,b ut
;lrDid" U)ntr.tcl1d:.S ; "ra t'eTs rels:plo"lnTsli'L i#lityr ;or; r,he&1[_t' j *g"r.e" ategro iim"gp ettou s atgor icsuulctuhr vailulya gbea ssetudd cieosm imn upneitaiesas.. t Tshoec iewtaier sitsef glvc
x;3il,,';;i:;fl
ic.'Jcrni. sr,,h r, p,lilrcrt Peatanl Soeiatiet
,di\cipliDps rld a,,Gnr
T.lJlri.ir'"o ca-ryp.,e I:nrile.-f lJrhjrriLor lup"grahirs sJ ,r,ivpHepmormr'o plfn *al cc*uand:fcim"n,i,#." pdr io*rsg rianmre\r einr(t tj,urd lianlgg urhaeg "t ,,Jnndd- I tion sTt.hrtee sse hniftta iilne dt hweo rrke siena prcohli ftoiccauls s oyfs taenmth roofp ao ldoigfiye rteon dt elcvveelol poifn gc onma-
s":f* *T* r;ltl1::; plerity from prinitive and/or tribal societics. Howcvcr' mmv of tLe
il,;T#.Ji;;";i#.::. *ad '*" r".q*;".." "; ;illage studies of the 1940sa nd I950s did not recognize the fact that, in
i,lT,:ii":"# a complex system, orrc i5 dealing witb a cornmunity of peoplc that is not
I autonomous but is part of a larger economic, political, and cultural sys'
n"1.y4"!3rHf,": I;:.fI".f;ly ;J il,.i"I;":f:f,"i i;:,r ) l tem. These edly villnge studies oftcn trerted thc vilage as .rn holated
:il;j["Jii'.' y. unit to bc studied without lookiDg rt the outside forces that impinged
;]::,ili; Ji"l,i',;,""',;1"'T:.J".11i:1"he:aiv ily upon the community. It w:ls only later, Nhen the ti.s between
ilt,:Ti'1;J;;f'f "lt:';:"Tj"iti iijl"#; thc viilagc and the largcr social conte\t in which it was embedded were
luil;1;11*;
.ecogni".d, tt'at thc concept of a Peasant societv as a tl'pc of social
fii;[ ::i:ii;:l] l:if itT,'i,J:fT;i,: system rvas deffned and reffned.
;l:;*"1il:iu:,
Peasant socicties are charictedzcd by .r lrighcr rate ot per cxpita
l;"',ili:;::i:it.",i T,;:#...*ul;1" Foductivity than tribal societiesb ecauset hey have developed techniques
lili:ri""rilt;'t ; ior controlling w.rter, r)il nut ents. md soil rludity. \{orcover' the mm
illl,lii i'",1: 1: : i ili::'t;t'# : l t lili: ,'.;ffTi;r *fj *,t piivlecr cseynsttreamli zoef ds oeccioanl odmifiiecr crnndti aptioolnit icn.rr ls uincsht isLouctiioentise-sG n reecaetsesri tpartocdsiu nctetigvirtrv-
;ii:i::"lll';il11f;1ff;:,'t ":"[,f# 1]"'*"q'^i;;;;;;,;i; rfuellletirmsces pao ccoufp tahteio pnortp supheticoind izfraotnio nf dtdo dpcrvocdlu;pc ingC lrocsticvlivti eres hatendd pteor mrliists
is the development of t e socidl cldsses hereditary grotps with difier
ti j^ilcl{mi.,le:rf, fL1eiA,l:ltn:n-. iTHIE ;"C"o;;r; e';n ii'in :E ;foi f. :\Ic"n;: ;C',;tu#;::": # ':",T::,X:'iKi:" ecenntitllr ata pcocienstss tfoo r w*edtmlthin, ispterreisigti glea,r gaen dlc aploct temru' kCetintiregs, otaftxcinD gd, ei vedl oopth :errs
functions. \\!iting delelops as a nreanso f record kceping. Howcver, most
