Anthony Kenny

371 Pages·2007·6.89 MB·English

The Rise of Modern Philosophy
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A NEW HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
volume iii
The Rise of Modern Philosophy
anthony
kenny
(cid:1)
CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
List of Contents vii
Map x
Introduction xi
1. Sixteenth-Century Philosophy 1
2. Descartes to Berkeley 33
3. Hume to Hegel 80
4. Knowledge 117
5. Physics 165
6. Metaphysics 181
7. Mind and Soul 212
8. Ethics 246
9. Political Philosophy 273
10. God 303
Chronology 332
List of Abbreviations and Conventions 333
Bibliography 337
List of Illustrations 344
Index 347
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CONTENTS
Map x
Introduction xi
1. Sixteenth-Century Philosophy 1
Humanism and Reform 1
Sin, Grace, and Freedom 5
Authority and Conscience 7
The Decline of Logic 11
Scepticism, Sacred and Profane 13
Counter-Reformation Philosophy 16
Giordano Bruno 20
Galileo 22
Bacon 26
2. Descartes to Berkeley 33
Descartes 33
Hobbes 41
The Cambridge Platonists 47
Locke 49
Pascal 53
Malebranche 58
Spinoza 61
Leibniz 70
Berkeley 76
3. Hume to Hegel 80
Hume 80
Smith and Reid 86
The Enlightenment 90
Rousseau 93
WolV and Lessing 97
Kant 100
Fichte and Schelling 108
Hegel 111
CONTENTS
4. Knowledge 117
Montaigne’s Scepticism 117
Descartes’ Response 119
Cartesian Consciousness 121
The Empiricism of Hobbes 127
Locke’s Ideas 131
Spinoza on Degrees of Knowledge 137
The Epistemology of Leibniz 142
Berkeley on Qualities and Ideas 146
Hume on Ideas and Impressions 151
Kant’s Synthetic a priori 156
Realism vs Idealism 160
Idealist Epistemology 163
5. Physics 165
Natural Philosophy 165
Cartesian Physics 169
The Atomism of Gassendi 172
Newton 173
The Labyrinth of the Continuum 174
Kant’s Antinomies 177
6. Metaphysics 181
The Metaphysics of Suarez 181
Descartes on Eternal Truths 184
Three Notions of Substance 187
Single Necessary Substance 190
Making Room for Contingency 193
Berkeley’s Idealism 199
Hume on Causation 204
The Response of Kant 207
7. Mind and Soul 212
Descartes on Mind 212
Dualism and its Discontents 216
Determinism, Freedom, and Compatibilism 219
Locke on Personal Identity 223
The Soul as the Idea of the Body in Spinoza 227
viii
CONTENTS
Leibniz’s Monadology 231
Berkeley and Hume on Spirits and Selves 235
Kant’s Anatomy of the Mind 240
8. Ethics 246
Casuistry 247
Mysticism and Stoicism 251
Pascal against the Jesuits 253
Spinoza’s Ethical System 258
Hume on Reason, Passion, and Virtue 261
Kant on Morality, Duty, and Law 264
Hegel’s Ethical Synthesis 267
9. Political Philosophy 273
Machiavelli’s Prince 273
More’s Utopia 275
Just and Unjust Wars 281
Hobbes on Chaos and Sovereignty 283
Spinoza’s Political Determinism 289
Locke on Civil Government 290
Montesquieu on Law 293
Rousseau and the General Will 295
Hegel on the Nation-State 300
10. God 303
Molina on Omniscience and Freedom 303
Descartes’ Rational Theology 305
Pascal and Spinoza on God 308
The Optimism of Leibniz 312
The God of Berkeley 315
Hume on Religion 317
Kant’s Theological Dialectic 323
The Absolute of Hegel 329
Chronology 332
List of Abbreviations and Conventions 333
Bibliography 337
List of Illustrations 344
Index 347
ix