Antennas: From Theory to Practice

379 Pages·2008·11.34 MB·English

by  Dr. Yi Huang

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ANTENNAS
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Yi Huang
UniversityofLiverpool,UK
Kevin Boyle
NXPSemiconductors,UK
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
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ANTENNAS
i
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ii
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JWBK241-FM JWBK241-Huang June18,2008 16:29 PrinterName:YettoCome
ANTENNAS
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Yi Huang
UniversityofLiverpool,UK
Kevin Boyle
NXPSemiconductors,UK
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
iii
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JWBK241-FM JWBK241-Huang June18,2008 16:29 PrinterName:YettoCome
Thiseditionfirstpublished2008
(cid:2)C 2008JohnWiley&SonsLtd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Huang,Yi.
Antennas:fromtheorytopractice/YiHuang,KevinBoyle.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51028-5(cloth)
1.Antennas(Electronics) I.Boyle,Kevin. II.Title.
TK7871.6.H792008
621.382(cid:3)4—dc22 2008013164
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN 978-0-470-51028-5(HB)
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,Singapore.
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Contents
Preface xi
AcronymsandConstants xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 AShortHistoryofAntennas 1
1.2 RadioSystemsandAntennas 4
1.3 NecessaryMathematics 6
1.3.1 ComplexNumbers 6
1.3.2 VectorsandVectorOperation 7
1.3.3 Coordinates 10
1.4 BasicsofElectromagnetics 11
1.4.1 TheElectricField 12
1.4.2 TheMagneticField 15
1.4.3 Maxwell’sEquations 16
1.4.4 BoundaryConditions 19
1.5 Summary 21
References 21
Problems 21
2 CircuitConceptsandTransmissionLines 23
2.1 CircuitConcepts 23
2.1.1 LumpedandDistributedElementSystems 25
2.2 TransmissionLineTheory 25
2.2.1 TransmissionLineModel 25
2.2.2 SolutionsandAnalysis 28
2.2.3 TerminatedTransmissionLine 32
2.3 TheSmithChartandImpedanceMatching 41
2.3.1 TheSmithChart 41
2.3.2 ImpedanceMatching 44
2.3.3 TheQualityFactorandBandwidth 51
2.4 VariousTransmissionLines 55
2.4.1 Two-wireTransmissionLine 56
2.4.2 CoaxialCable 57
2.4.3 MicrostripLine 60
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2.4.4 Stripline 63
2.4.5 CoplanarWaveguide(CPW) 66
2.4.6 Waveguide 68
2.5 Connectors 70
2.6 Summary 74
References 74
Problems 74
3 FieldConceptsandRadioWaves 77
3.1 WaveEquationandSolutions 77
3.1.1 DiscussiononWaveSolutions 79
3.2 ThePlaneWave,IntrinsicImpedanceandPolarization 80
3.2.1 ThePlaneWaveandIntrinsicImpedance 80
3.2.2 Polarization 82
3.3 RadioWavePropagationMechanisms 83
3.3.1 ReflectionandTransmission 83
3.3.2 DiffractionandHuygens’sPrinciple 91
3.3.3 Scattering 92
3.4 RadioWavePropagationCharacteristicsinMedia 93
3.4.1 MediaClassificationandAttenuation 93
3.5 RadioWavePropagationModels 97
3.5.1 FreeSpaceModel 97
3.5.2 Two-rayModel/PlaneEarthModel 98
3.5.3 MultipathModels 99
3.6 ComparisonofCircuitConceptsandFieldConcepts 101
3.6.1 SkinDepth 101
3.7 Summary 104
References 104
Problems 104
4 AntennaBasics 107
4.1 AntennastoRadioWaves 107
4.1.1 NearFieldandFarField 108
4.1.2 AntennaParametersfromtheFieldPointofView 112
4.2 AntennastoTransmissionLines 122
4.2.1 AntennaParametersfromtheCircuitPointofView 122
4.3 Summary 125
References 126
Problems 126
5 PopularAntennas 129
5.1 Wire-TypeAntennas 129
5.1.1 Dipoles 129
5.1.2 MonopolesandImageTheory 137
5.1.3 LoopsandtheDualityPrinciple 141
5.1.4 HelicalAntennas 147
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5.1.5 Yagi–UdaAntennas 152
5.1.6 Log-PeriodicAntennasandFrequency-IndependentAntennas 157
5.2 Aperture-TypeAntennas 163
5.2.1 FourierTransformsandtheRadiatedField 163
5.2.2 HornAntennas 169
5.2.3 ReflectorandLensAntennas 175
5.2.4 SlotAntennasandBabinet’sPrinciple 180
5.2.5 MicrostripAntennas 184
5.3 AntennaArrays 191
5.3.1 BasicConcept 192
5.3.2 IsotropicLinearArrays 193
5.3.3 PatternMultiplicationPrinciple 199
5.3.4 ElementMutualCoupling 200
5.4 SomePracticalConsiderations 203
5.4.1 TransmittingandReceivingAntennas:Reciprocity 203
5.4.2 BalunsandImpedanceMatching 205
5.4.3 AntennaPolarization 206
5.4.4 Radomes,HousingsandSupportingStructures 208
5.5 Summary 211
References 211
Problems 212
6 Computer-AidedAntennaDesignandAnalysis 215
6.1 Introduction 215
6.2 ComputationalElectromagneticsforAntennas 217
6.2.1 MethodofMoments(MoM) 218
6.2.2 FiniteElementMethod(FEM) 228
6.2.3 Finite-DifferenceTimeDomain(FDTD)Method 229
6.2.4 TransmissionLineModeling(TLM)Method 230
6.2.5 ComparisonofNumericalMethods 230
6.2.6 High-FrequencyMethods 232
6.3 ExamplesofComputer-AidedDesignandAnalysis 233
6.3.1 Wire-typeAntennaDesignandAnalysis 233
6.3.2 GeneralAntennaDesignandAnalysis 243
6.4 Summary 251
References 251
Problems 252
7 AntennaManufacturingandMeasurements 253
7.1 AntennaManufacturing 253
7.1.1 ConductingMaterials 253
7.1.2 DielectricMaterials 255
7.1.3 NewMaterialsforAntennas 255
7.2 AntennaMeasurementBasics 256
7.2.1 ScatteringParameters 256
7.2.2 NetworkAnalyzers 258
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7.3 Impedance,S ,VSWRandReturnLossMeasurement 261
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7.3.1 CanIMeasureTheseParametersinMyOffice? 261
7.3.2 EffectsofaSmallSectionofaTransmissionLineoraConnector 262
7.3.3 EffectsofPackagesonAntennas 262
7.4 RadiationPatternMeasurements 263
7.4.1 Far-FieldCondition 264
7.4.2 Open-AreaTestSites(OATS) 265
7.4.3 AnechoicChambers 267
7.4.4 CompactAntennaTestRanges(CATR) 268
7.4.5 PlanarandCylindricalNear-FieldChambers 270
7.4.6 SphericalNear-FieldChambers 270
7.5 GainMeasurements 272
7.5.1 ComparisonwithaStandard-GainHorn 272
7.5.2 Two-AntennaMeasurement 272
7.5.3 Three-AntennaMeasurement 273
7.6 MiscellaneousTopics 273
7.6.1 EfficiencyMeasurements 273
7.6.2 ReverberationChambers 274
7.6.3 ImpedanceDe-embeddingTechniques 275
7.6.4 ProbeArrayinNear-FieldSystems 276
7.7 Summary 281
References 281
Problems 282
8 SpecialTopics 283
8.1 ElectricallySmallAntennas 283
8.1.1 TheBasicsandImpedanceBandwidth 283
8.1.2 AntennaSize-ReductionTechniques 299
8.2 MobileAntennas,AntennaDiversityandHumanBodyEffects 304
8.2.1 Introduction 304
8.2.2 MobileAntennas 305
8.2.3 AntennaDiversity 318
8.2.4 UserInteraction 325
8.3 MultibandandUltra-WidebandAntennas 334
8.3.1 Introduction 334
8.3.2 MultibandAntennas 334
8.3.3 WidebandAntennas 337
8.4 RFIDAntennas 340
8.4.1 Introduction 340
8.4.2 Near-FieldSystems 343
8.4.3 Far-FieldSystems 349
8.5 ReconfigurableAntennas 352
8.5.1 Introduction 352
8.5.2 SwitchingandVariable-ComponentTechnologies 352
8.5.3 ResonantModeSwitching/Tuning 354