Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications. Second Edition

572 Pages·2012·25.46 MB·English

by  Peter S. Hall

Antennas and Propagation
for Body-Centric
Wireless Communications
Second Edition
For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House Antenna and Propagation Series,
turn to the back of this book.
Antennas and Propagation
for Body-Centric
Wireless Communications
Second Edition
Peter S. Hall
Yang Hao
Editors
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the
U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the
British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-60807-376-4
Cover design by Vicki Kane
© 2012 Artech House
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Norwood MA 02062
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Body-Centric Wireless Communications
1.1 What are Body-Centric Communications Systems?
1.1.1 Off-to On-Body Communications
1.1.2 On-Body Communications
1.1.3 Medical Implants and Sensor Networks
1.2 Overview of Systems
1.2.1 Narrowband Systems
1.2.2 Wideband Systems
1.3 Overview of Applications
1.4 New Trends and Progress Since the First Edition
1.4.1 Propagation Characterization and Control
1.4.2 Measurement Methods
1.4.3 Antenna De-embedding
1.4.4 Materials
1.4.5 Modeling of Body Dynamics
1.4.6 Standardization
1.5 Layout of the Book
References
CHAPTER 2
Electromagnetic Properties and Modeling of the Human Body
2.1 Electromagnetic Characteristics of Human Tissues
2.2 Physical Body Phantoms
2.2.1 Liquid Phantoms
2.2.2 Semisolid (Gel) Phantoms
2.2.3 Solid (Dry) Phantoms
2.2.4 Examples of Physical Phantoms
2.3 Numerical Phantoms
2.3.1 Theoretical Phantoms
2.3.2 Voxel Phantoms
2.4 Numerical Modeling Techniques for Antennas and Propogation
2.4.1 Introduction of Numerical Techniques for Body-Centric Wireless
Communications
2.4.2 On-Body Radio Channel Modeling
2.5 Modeling of Dynamic Body Effects
2.5.1 Methodology
2.5.2 Measurements and Model Validation
References
CHAPTER 3
Antenna Design and Channel Characterization for On-Body Communications at
Microwave Frequencies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Measurement Methods
3.2.1 Connection Between Antenna and Measuring Instruments
3.2.2 Antenna De-embedding
3.3 Body-Centric Channel Measurement and Modeling
3.3.1 Path Gain
3.3.2 Channel Statistics
3.3.3 Channel Polarization Effects
3.4 Antenna Design
3.4.1 Performance Comparison
3.4.2 Antenna-to-Surface Wave Coupling
3.4.3 Antenna Match and Efficiency
3.5 Multiple Antenna Systems
3.5.1 Antenna Diversity
3.5.2 MIMO
3.5.3 Interference Cancellation
3.6 Systems Modeling
3.7 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 4
Wearable Devices Using the Human Body as a Transmission Channel
4.1 Introduction of Communications Using Circuits in Direct Contact with the
Human Body
4.2 Numerical Analysis of Communication Devices Using Low Frequencies
4.2.1 Whole Body Models
4.2.2 Arm Models Wearing the Transmitter
4.2.3 Effective Electrode Structure
4.3 Experiments Using Human Phantoms
4.3.1 Model for Assessments
4.3.2 Electric Field Distributions In and Around the Arm
4.3.3 Received Signal Voltage of the Receiver
4.4 Investigation of the Dominant Signal Transmission Path
4.4.1 Calculation Model
4.4.2 Electric Field Distributions and Received Signal Voltages
4.5 Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 5
Ultrawideband Technology for Body-Centric Wireless Communications
5.1 Overview
5.2 UWB Antennas for Body-Centric Wireless Communication
5.2.1 Design and Analysis
5.2.2 Measurements
5.2.3 Concluding Remarks
5.3 Channel Simulation and Measurement Methodology
5.3.1 Simulation of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric
Communication Scenarios
5.3.2 Measurement of the Radio Propagation in Body-Centric
Communication Scenarios
5.3.3 Concluding Remarks
5.4 Channel Characterization and Modeling
5.4.1 General Aspects
5.4.2 Personal Area Network Scenarios
5.4.3 Body Area Network Scenarios
5.4.4 UWB Multiband-OFDM Based System Modeling and
Performance Evaluation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
CHAPTER 6
Wearable Antennas: Advances in the Design, Characterization, and Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Review of the Literature
6.2.1 Antenna Types
6.2.2 Body Placement, Bending, and Crumpling
6.2.3 Fabric Material Properties and Antenna Manufacture Methods
6.3 Wearable Antennas: Critical Design Issues
6.4 Textile Materials
6.5 Effects of Substrate Materials: An Example of Fabric GPS Antenna
6.5.1 Effects of Ground Plane Size Attached to the Fabric Substrate on
GPS Antenna Performance
6.6 Effect on Various Conductive Materials of Patch Antennas: An Example
of WLAN Antenna on Fleece Fabric
6.7 Dual Frequency Wearable Antenna Design: An Example of a U-Slot Patch
6.8 Wearable Electromagnetic Bang Gap Antenna (WEBGA): An Example of
WLAN Antenna
6.8.1 Remarks on Antenna Bending
6.9 Wearable Antennas Near the Human Body: An Example of a WLAN
Antenna
6.9.1 Models and Methods
6.9.2 Results
6.10 Wearable Antenna Environmental Performance Issues
6.10.1 The Effect of Ice, Water, and Snow on Wearable Antenna
Performance
6.10.2 Example of Environmental Test During an Iridium Phone Call
6.10.3 Destructive Antenna Tests
6.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CHAPTER 7
Body-Sensor Networks for Space and Military Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosensor System and Basics of Biomedical RF Telemetry
7.2.1 Implantable Pressure Sensor
7.2.2 Integrated Inductor/Antenna
7.2.3 External Pick-Up Antenna
7.3 Antenna Design for Body Sensors
7.3.1 Implantable Antennas
7.3.2 Antennas for External Handheld Devices
7.4 Space, Military, and Civilian Applications
7.4.1 Sensors for Space Environment
7.4.2 Battlefield Sensors
7.4.3 Sensors in Hospitals and Smart Homes
References
CHAPTER 8