Antenna Handbook: Volume III Applications

869 Pages·1994·28.05 MB·English

by  F. Schwering, A. A. Oliner (auth.), Y. T. Lo, S. W. Lee (eds.)

Antenna
Handbook
Antenna
Handbook
VOLUME III APPLICATIONS
Edited by
Y. T.la
Electromagnetics Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois-Urbana
S. W. Lee
Electromagnetics Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois-Urbana
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The antenna handbook/edited by Y. T. Lo and S. W. Lee
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Contents
Volume III APPLICATIONS
17. Millimeter-Wave Antennas 17-3
F. Schwering and A. A. Oliner
18. Practical Aspects of Phased Array Design 18-1
Raymond Tang
19. Beam-Forming Feeds 19-1
1. S. Ajioka and 1. L. McFarland
20. Antennas on Aircraft, Ships, or Any Large, Complex Environmel!t 20-1
W. D. Burnside and R.I. Marhefka
21. Satellite Antennas 21-1
C. C. Han and Y. Hwang
22. Remote Sensing and Microwave Radiometry 22-1
J. C. Shiue and L. R. Dod
23. Aqtennas for Geophysical Applications 23-1
D. A. Hill
24. Antennas for Medical Applications 24-1
C. H. Durney and M. F. Iskander
25. Direction-Finding Antennas 25-1
R. E. Franks
26. Standard AM Antennas 26-1
C. E. Smith
27. TV and FM Broadcast Antennas 27-1
G. W. Collins
Appendices
A. Physical Constants, International Units, Conversion of Units, and Metric Prefixes A-3
B. The Frequency Spectrum B-1
C. Electromagnetic Properties of Materials C-l
D. Vector Analysis 0-1
E. VSWR Versus Reflection Coefficient and Mismatch Loss E-l
F. Decibels Versus Voltage and Power Ratios F-l
Index 1-1
Preface
During the past decades, new demands for sophisticated space-age communication
and remote sensing systems prompted a surge of R&D activities in the antenna
field. There has been an awareness, in the professional community, of the need for
a systematic and critical review of the progress made in those activities. This is
evidenced by the sudden appearance of many excellent books on the subject after
a long dormant period in the sixties and seventies. The goal of this book is to
compile a reference to complement those books. We believe that this has been
achieved to a great degree.
A book of this magnitude cannot be completed without difficulties. We are
indebted to many for their dedication and patience and, in particular, to the forty-
two contributing authors. Our first thanks go to Mr. Charlie Dresser and Dr.
Edward C. Jordan, who initiated the project and persuaded us to make it a reality.
After smooth sailing in the first period, the original sponsoring publisher had some
unexpected financial problems which delayed its publication three years. In 1988,
Van Nostrand Reinhold took over the publication tasks. There were many unsung
heroes who devoted their talents to the perfection of the volume. In particular,
Mr. Jack Davis spent many arduous hours editing the entire manuscript. Mr.
Thomas R. Emrick redrew practically all of the figures with extraordinary precision
and professionalism. Ms. Linda Venator, the last publication editor, tied up all of
the loose ends at the final stage, including the preparation of the Index. Without
their dedication and professionalism, the publication of this book would not have
been possible.
Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to our teachers, students,
and colleagues for their interest and comments. We are particularly indebted to
Professor Edward C. Jordan and Professor George A. Deschamps for their
encouragement and teaching, which have had a profound influence on our careers
and on our ways of thinking about the matured field of electromagnetics and
antennas.
This Preface was originally prepared for the first printing in 1988. Unfortunately, it was omitted at that
time due to a change in the publication schedule. Since many readers questioned the lack of a Preface,
we are pleased to include it here, and in all future printings.
Preface to the Second
Printing
Since the publication of the first printing, we have received many constructive
comments from the readers. The foremost was the bulkiness of a single volume for
this massive book. The issue of dividing the book into multivolumes had been
debated many times. Many users are interested in specific topics and not neces-
sarily the entire book. To meet both needs, the publisher decided to reprint the
book in multivolumes. We received this news with great joy, because we now have
the opportunity to correct the typos and to insert the original Preface, which
includes a heartfelt acknowledgment to all who contributed to this work.
We regret to announce the death of Professor Edward C. Jordan on October
18, 1991.
PART C
Applications
Chapter 17
Millimeter-Wave Antennas
F. Schwering
us Army CECOM
A. A. Oliner
Polytechnic University
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 17-5
2. Antennas of Conventional Configuration 17-7
High- and Medium-Gain Antennas 17-9
Spiral Antennas and Fan-Shaped Beam Antennas 17-27
Omnidirectional Antennas 17-32
3. Surface-Wave and Leaky-Wave Antennas Based on Open Millimeter
Waveguides 17-34
Tapered Dielectric-Rod Antennas 17-36
Periodic Dielectric Antennas 17-48
Uniform-Waveguide Leaky-Wave Antennas 17-82
4. Microstrip Resonator Antennas and Other Printed-Circuit Antennas 17-103
Microstrip Antennas with Electrically Thin Substrates 17-107
Microstrip Antennas with Electrically Thick Substrates 17-122
Holographic Antennas 17-129
5. Integrated Antennas 17-131
Tapered Dielectric-Rod Antenna with Integrated
Mixer Diode 17-133
Monolithic Microstrip Antenna Phased Array 17-134
Integrated Near-Millimeter-Wave Imaging Array 17-137
6. References 17-141
17-3
Felix Schwering was born on June 4, 1930, in Cologne, Germany. He
received the Diplom-Ingenieur degree in electrical engineering and the
PhD degree from the Technical University of Aachen, West Germany, in
1954 and 1957, respectively.
From 1956 to 1958 he was an assistant professor at the Technical
University of Aachen. In 1958 he joined the US Army Research and
Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where he performed basic
research in free space and guided propagation of electromagnetic waves. From 1961 to 1964
he worked as a member of the Research Staff of the Telefunken Company, Ulm, West
Germany, on radar propagation and missile electronics. In 1964 he returned to the US Army
Communication Electronics Command (CECOM), Fort Monmouth, and has since been
active in electromagnetic-wave propagation, diffraction and scatter theory, theoretical
optics, and antenna theory. Recently he has been interested in particular in millimeter-wave
antennas and propagation. At present he is also a visiting professor at Rutgers University
and at New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Arthur A. Oliner was born in Shanghai, China, on March 5, 1921. He
received the PhD in physics from Cornell University in 1946. He joined
the Microwave Research Institute of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
in 1946 and was made professor in 1957. He served as Department Head
from 1966 through 1974 and Director of the Microwave Research Institute
for fifteen years, from 1967 through 1982. Dr. Oliner is the author of over
150 papers and coauthor or coeditor of three books. Two of his papers have earned prizes:
the IEEE Microwave Prize in 1967, and the Institution Premium, the highest award of the
British lEE, in 1964. In 1982 he received the Microwave Career Award, the highest award of
the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, and he is one of only six Honorary
Life Members of that society.
Dr. Oliner's research in microwaves includes network representations of microwave
structures, precision measurement methods, guided-wave theory, traveling-wave antennas,
plasmas, periodic-structure theory , and phased arrays. More recently he has been interested
in guiding and radiating structures for the millimeter- and near-millimeter-wave ranges.
17-4
1. Introduction
The millimeter-wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is commonly
defined as the 30- to 300-GHz frequency band or the l-cm to I-mm wavelength
range. Utilization of this frequency band for the design of data transmission and
sensing systems has a number of advantages:
1. The very large bandwidth resolves the spectrum crowding problem and permits
communication at very high data rates.
2. The short wavelength allows the design of antennas of high directivity but
reasonable size, so that high-resolution radar and radiometric systems and very
compact guidance systems become feasible.
3. Millimeter waves can travel through fog, snow, and dust much more readily
than infrared or optical waves.
4. Finally, millimeter-wave transmitters and receivers lend themselves to
integrated and, eventually, monolithic design approaches, resulting in rf heads
which are rugged, compact, and inexpensive.
Propagation effects have a strong influence on the design and performance of
millimeter-wave systems, and for this reason are briefly reviewed here. As a
general rule, millimeter-wave transmission requires unobstructed line-of-sight
paths, but propagation into shadow zones is possible by edge diffraction and
scatter, though at a reduced signal level. Recent propagation experiments in woods
and forests have shown, moreover, that under favorable conditions (trunk region
with little underbrush), transmission ranges of several hundred meters can be
achieved in vegetated areas.
Amplitude and angle of arrival scintillations caused by atmospheric turbu-
lence are usually small in the millimeter region. For path lengths in the order of a
few kilometers, the interesting range, they are of no consequence for most
applications. * But atmospheric absorption can be pronounced. Fig. 1 shows the
frequency dependence of millimeter-wave attenuation by atmospheric oxygen and
water vapor, by rain, and by fog or clouds. Snow absorption is negligible at
frequencies below 100 GHz but can be substantial above 140 GHz, even at
moderate snowfalls. **
Absorption by rain and atmospheric gases is the dominant effect and it is
evident that the choice of the operating frequency of a millimeter-wave system will
depend strongly on the desired transmission range. Large transmission distances
can be obtained in the low-attenuation windows at 35, 94, 140,220, and 340 GHz.
*High-resolution radar systems are an exception.
** Applies to dry snow. Data on millimeter-wave attenuation by wet snow are not yet available.
17-5