Antarctic Sector of the Pacific

415 Pages·1989·25.67 MB·English

by  G.P. Glasby (Eds.)

ANTARCTIC SECTOR OF THE PACIFIC
FURTHER TlTLES /A! THE SERE5
1 J.L. MERO 34 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE SEA HYDRODYNAMICS OF SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS
2 L.M.FOMlN 35 B. JOHNS (Editor)
THE DYNAMIC METHOD IN OCEANOGRAPHY PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF COASTAL AND
3 E.J.F. WOOD SHELF SEAS
MICROBIOLOGY OF OCEANS AND ESTUARIES 36 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
4 G.NEUMANN HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE EQUATORIAL OCEAN
OCEAN CURRENTS 37 W. LANGERAAR
5 N.G.JERLOV SURVEYING AND CHARTING OF THE SEAS
OPTICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 38 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
6 V. VACOUIER REMOTE SENSING OF SHELF SEA
GEOMAGNETISM IN MARINE GEOLOGY HYDRODYNAMICS
7 W.J. WALLACE 39 T. ICHIYE(Editor)
THE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE CHLORINITY/ OCEAN HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE JAPAN AND
SALINITY CONCEPT IN OCEANOGRAPHY EAST CHINA SEAS
8 E. LlSlTZlN 40 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
SEA-LEVEL CHANGES COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODELS
9 R.H.PARKER 41 H. KUNZEDORF (Editor)
THE STUDY OF BENTHIC COMMUNITIES MARINE MINERAL EXPLORATION
10 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor) 42 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
MODELLING OF MARINE SYSTEMS MARINE INTERFACES ECOHYDRODYNAMICS
11 0.1. MAMAYEV 43 P. LASSERRE and J.M. MARTIN (Editors)
TEMPERATURES A~NITYA NALYSIS OF WORLD BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AT THE LAND-
OCEAN WATERS SEA BOUNDARY
12 E.J FERGUSON WOOD and R E JOHANNE-~S 44 I.P. MARTINI (Editor)
TROPICAL MARINE POLLUTION ~ CANADIAN INLAND SEAS
13 E STEEMANN NIELSEN 45 J.C.J. NlHOUL and B.M. JAMART (Editors)
MARINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS THREE-DIMENSIONALM ODELS OF MARINE AND
14 N.G. JERLOV ESTUARIN DYNAMICS
MARINE OPTICS 46 J.C.J. NIHOUL and B.M. JAMART (Editors)
15 G.P. GLASBY SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE AND MIXING IN THE
MARINE MANGANESE DEPOSITS OCEAN
16 V.M. KAMENKOVICH 47 M.R. LANDRY and B.M. HICKEY (Editors)
FUNDAMENTALS OF OCEAN DYNAMICS COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON
17 R.A.GEYER AND OREGON
SUBMERSIBLES AND THEIR USE IN 48 S.R. MASSEL
OCEANOGRAPHY AND OCEAN ENGINEERING HYDRODYNAMICS OF COASTAL ZONES
18 J.W.CARUTHERS 49 V.C. LAKHAN and A.S. TRENHAILE (Editors)
FUNDAMENTALS OF MARINE ACOUSTICS APPLICATIONS IN COASTAL MODELING
19 J C J NIHOUL (Editor) 50 J.C.J. NIHOUL and B.M. JAMART (Editors)
BOTTOM TURBULENCE MESOSCALWSYNOPTIC COHERENT STRUCTURES
20 P H LEBLOND and L A MYSAK IN GEOPHYSICAL TURBULENCE
WAVES IN THE OCEAN
2 1 C C VON DER BORCH (Editor)
SYNTHESIS OF DEEP-SEA DRILLING RESULTS IN
THE INDIAN OCEAN
22 P DEHLINGER
MARINE GRAVITY
23 J C J NIHOUL (Editor)
HYDRODYNAMICS OF ESTUARIES AND FJORDS
24 F T BANNER, M B COLLINS and K S
MASSIE (Editors)
THE NORTH-WEST EUROPEAN SHELF SEAS THE
SEA BED AND THE SEA IN MOTION
25 J C J NIHOUL (Editor)
MARINE FORECASTING
26 H G RAMMING and Z KOWALIK
NUMERICAL MODELLING MARINE
HYDRODYNAMICS
27 R A GEYER (Editor)
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
28 J C J NIHOUL (Editor)
MARINE TURBULENCE
29 M M WALDICHUK, G B KULLENBERG and
M J ORREN (Editors)
MARINE POLLUTANT TRANSFER PROCESSES
30 A VOlPlOEditor)
THE BALTIC SEA '
31 E.K. DUURSMA and R. DAWSON (Editors)
MARINE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
32 J.C.J. NIHOUL (Editor)
ECOHYDRODYNAMICS
33 R. HEKlNlAN
PETROLOGY OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
Elsevier Oceanography Series, 5 1
ANTARCTIC SECTOR
OF THE PACIFIC
Edited by
G.P. GLASBY
New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Division of Water Sciences, Department of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1990
ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.
Sara Burgerhartstraat 25
P.O. Box 2 1 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Distributors for the United States and Canada:
ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC.
655, Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10010, U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Antarctic secror of tne Pacific i edited by "UP. Giasby
p. ca. -- (Elsevier oceanography series ; 51)
Includes oibliographical references.
ISBN 0-444-86510-2 (alk. paper) : fl 180.00 (esf.)
?. Antarctic Ocean. 1. Gl~sby,G . P. 11. Series.
GC461.A59 1990
551.46'9--dc20 89-23840
CIP
ISBN 0-444-885 10-2 (Vol. 5 1)
0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1990
All rights reserved. No part of this publication rnay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Printed in The Netherlands
Relief map of the South Pacific showing the main structural features (after Heirtzler, 1985).
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
V
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Anderson, J.B.
Department of Geology, Rice University
P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251, U.S.A.
Baker, A.N.
National Museum of New Zealand
Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand
Cook, R.A.
N.Z. Geological Survey, DSIR
P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Davey, F. J.
Geophysics Division, DSIR
P.O. Box 1320, Wellington, New Zealand
El-Sayed, S.Z.
Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station
Texas 77843-3146, U.S.A.
Glasby, G.P.
N.Z. Oceanographic Institute, Division of Water Sciences, DSIR
Private Bag, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
Gregory, M.R.
Department of Geology, University of Auckland
Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Harper, P.C.
Department of Continuing Education, University of Canterbury
Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand
Hickman, J.S.
N.Z. Meteorological Service, Ministry of Transport
P.O. Box 722, Wellington, New Zealand
Holdgate, M.W.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland
vi
Keys, J.R.
Department of Conservation
P.O. Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand
Mullan, A.B.
N.Z. Meteorological Service, Ministry of Transport
P.O. Box 722, Wellington, New Zealand
Patterson, S.L.
National Oceanographic Data Center
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20235, U.S.A.
Spurr, E.B.
Forest Research Institute
Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand
Taylor, R.H.
Ecology Division, DSIR
Private Bag, Nelson, New Zealand
Whitworth, T.
Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station
Texas 77843-3146, U.S.A.
vii
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
FORE WORD xiii
CHAPTER 1 : HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1
History of exploration 3
Minerals 15
Marine living resources 17
Environmental considerations 19
Concluding remarks 20
CHAPTER 2 : METEOROLOGY
Introduction 21
Atmospheric circulation over the Southern Ocean 26
Interaction between sea ice and
atmospheric circulation in the Southern Ocean 42
Effect of the Antarctic continent on atmospheric circulation
in the Southern Ocean 47
Present research efforts and problems for the future 50
Summary 52
CHAPTER 3 : PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Introduction 55
Mean wind forcing and large-scale oceanic response 57
Mean current structure and interaction with bottom topography 59
Transport 63
Zonation 64
Mesoscale variability 75
Water masses and thermohaline circulation 76
Summary and conclusions 92
CHAPTER 4 : ICE
Introduction 95
The Antarctic ice sheet 95
Ice shelves and other marine glaciers 100
Ross Ice Shelf 103
Other marine glaciers 107
Icebergs 108
Sea ice 116
Conclusions 123