Antarctic Sea Ice: Physical Processes, Interactions and Variability

408 Pages·16.634 MB·English

ANTARCTIC
AmericanG eophysicUaln ion RESEARCH
SERIES
Antarctic Research Series Volumes
1 Biologyo f the Antarctic SeasI Milto(cid:127) O. Lee 29 Upper Atmosphere Research in Antarctica
(Ed.) L. J. Lanzerotti,C . G. Park (Eds.)
2 Antarctic Snowa nd Ice Studies M. Mellor (Ed.) 30 Terrestrial BiologyI I B. Parker (Ed.)
3 PolychaetaE rrantia of Antarctica O. Hartman 31 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas IX L. $.
(Ea.) Kornicker( Ed.)
4 Geomagnetisma nd Aeronomy A.H. Waynick 32 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas X L. $.
(Ed.) Kornicker( Ed.)
5 Biologyo f the Antarctic SeasI I G.A. Llano 33 Dry Valley Drilling Project L.D. McGinnis
(Ed.) (Ed.)
6 Geology and Paleontologyo f the Antarctic 34 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas XI L.-S.
J. B. Hadley (Ed.) Komicker (Ed.)
7 Polychaeta Myzostomidae and Sedentaria of 35 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas XII D. Pawson
Antarctica O. Hartman(Ed.) (Ed.)
8 Antarctic Soils and Soil Forming Processes 36 Geologyo f the Central Transantarctic
J. C. F. Tedrow (Ed.) Mountains M. D. Turner,J . F. Splettstoesser
9 Studies in Antarctic Meteorology M.J. Rubin (Eds.)
(Ed.) 37 Terrestrial BiologyI II B. Parker (Ed.)
10 Entomologyo f Antarctica J.L. Gressit( Ed.) 38 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIII [crinoids,
11 Biologyo f the Antarctic SeasI II G.A. Llano, hydrozoa,c opepods,a mphipoda] L.S.
W. L. Schmitt (Eds.) Komicker (Ed.)
12 Antarctic Bird Studies O. L. Austin, Jr (Ed.) 39 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas XIV L.S.
13 Antarctic Ascidiacea P. Kott (Ed.) Komicker( Ed.)
14 Antarctic Cirripedia W. A. Newman, A. Ross 4O Biology of the Antarctic Seas XV L.S.
(Eds.) Komicker (Ed.)
15 Antarctic OceanologyI L. Reid (Ed.) 41 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XVI L.S.
16 Antarctic Snow and Ice StudiesI I A.P. Crary Komicker (Ed.)
(Ed.) 42 The Ross Ice Shelf: Glaciology and Geophysics
17 Biologyo f the Antarctic SeasI V G.A. Llano, C. R. BentleyD, . E. Hayes( Eds.)
I. E. Wallen (Eds.) 43 Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf
18 Antarctic Pinnipedia W. H. Bun (Ed.) S. Jacobs( Ed.)
19 Antarctic Oceanology II: The Australian-New Biology of the Antarctic Seas XVII [benthic
Zealand Sector D. E. Hayes (Ed.) satiation, brittle star feeding, pelagic shrimps,
20 Antarctic Terrestrial Biology G.A. Llano marine birds] L. S. Komicker, (Ed.)
(Ed.) 45 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XVIII, Crustacea
21 Recent Antarctic and Subantarctic Brachiopods Tanaidacea of the Antarctic and the
M. W. Foster (Ed.) Subantarctic 1. On Material Collected at
22 Human Adaptability to Antarctic Conditions Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados, and the
E. K Eric Gunderson( Ed.) West Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula L.S.
23 Biology of the Antarctic Seas V D.L. Pawson Komicker (Ed.)
(Ed.) 46 GeologiIcnavle stigatiionn Nso rtherVnic toria
24 Birds of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Land E. Stump(Ed.)
G. E. Watson 47 Biologyo f the Antarctic Seas XIX [copepods,
25 Meterological Studies at Plateau Station, teleosts] L. S. Komicker (Ed.)
Antarctica J. Businger( Ed.) 48 Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern
26 Biology of the Antarctic SeasV I D.L. Pawson Oceans W. E. LeMasurier, J. W. Thomson
(Ed.) (Eds.)
27 Biology of the Antarctic Seas VII D.L. 49 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XX, Antarctic
Pawson (Ed.) SiphonophoresF rom Plankton Samples of the
28 Biology of the Antarctic SeasV III D.L. United States Antarctic Research Program
Pawson,L . S. Kornicker (Eds.) L. S. Kornicker (Ed.)
50 Contributions to Antarctic Research I D.H. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXIII, Antarctic
Elliot (Ed.) and Subantarctic Pycnogonida:A mmotheidae
51 Mineral Resources Potential of Antarctica and Austrodecidae S. D. Cairns (Ed.)
J. F. SplettstoesseGr., A.M. Dreschhoff( Eds.) 64 Atmospheric Halos W. Tape
52 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXI [annelids, 65 Fossil Scleractinian Corals From James Ross
mites, leeches] L. S. Kornicker( Ed.) Basin, Antarctica H. F. Filkorn
53 Contributions to Antarctic Research II D.H. 66 Volcanological and Environmental Studies of
Elliot (Ed.) Mt. Erebus P. R. Kyle (Ed.)
54 Marine Geological and GeophysicalA tlas of the 67 Contributions to Antarctic Research IV D.H.
Circum-Antarctic to 30ø S D. E. Hayes (Ed.) Elliot, G. L. Blaisdell (Eds.)
55 Molluscan Systematicsa nd Biostratigraphy 68 Geologya nd Seismic Stratigraphy of the
Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Antarctic Margin A. K Cooper,P . F. Barker,
Island, Antarctic Peninsula J. D. Stilwell, W. J. G. Brancolini (Eds.)
Zinsmeister 69 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXIV, Antarctic
56 The Antarctic Paleoenvironment:A Perspective and Subantarctic Pycnogonida:N ymphonidae,
on Global Change, Part One J.P. Kennett, Colossendeidae,R hynchothoraxida,
D. A. Warnke (Eds.) Pycnogonidae,P hoxichilidiidae, Endeididae,
57 Contributions to Antarctic Research IIl D.H. and Callipallenidae S. D. Cairns (Ed.)
Elliot (Ed.) 70 Foundations for Ecological Research West of
58 Biology of the Antarctic Seas XXII S.D. the Antarctic Peninsula R. M. Ross, E. E.
Cairns (Ed.) Hofrnann,L . B. Quetin (Eds.)
59 Physical and BiogeochemicalP rocessesi n 71 Geologya nd Seismic Stratigraphy of the
Antarctic Lakes W. J. Green, E. I. Friedmann Antarctic Margin, Part 2 P. F. Barker, A. K.
(Eds.) Cooper (Eds.)
60 The Antarctic Paleoenvironment:A Perspective 72 EcosystemD ynamics in a Polar Desert: The
on Global Change, Part Two J.P. Kennett, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica John C.
D. A. Warnke (Eds.) Ptiscu (Ed.)
61 Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology: Studies Antarctic Sea Ice: Biological Processes,
Based on Automatic Weather Stations D.H. Interactions and Variability Michael P. Lizotte,
Bromwich,C . R. Steams( Eds.) Kevin R. Arrigo (Eds.)
62 Ultraviolet Radiation in Antarctica: 74 Antarctic Sea Ice: Physical Processes,
Measurements and Biological Effects C.S. Interactions and Variability Martin O. Jeffries
Weiler,P . A. Penhale (Eds.) (Ed.)
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FrontispieceT. he U.S. researchv esselN athanielB . Palmer in its naturalh abitat:A ntarctics eai ce.
Photographc ourtesyM artin O. Jeffries.
ANTARCTIC
Volume 74 RESEARCH
SERIES
Antarctic Sea Ice
PhysicalP rocessesI,n teractionsa nd Variability
Martin O. Jeffries
Editor
(cid:127)AmericaGne ophyUsnicioanl
Washington, D.C.
1998
ANTARCTIC
Volume 74 RESEARCH
SERIES
ANTARCTIC SEA ICE: PHYSICAL PROCESSES, INTERACTIONS AND VARIABILITY
Martin O. Jeffries, Editor
Publishedu ndert he aegiso f the
Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series
Library of CongressC ataloging-in-Publication Data
Antarctics eai ce physicalp rocessesi:n teractionsa ndv ariability/
Martin O. Jeffries, editor.
p. cm. -- (Antarcticr esearchs eries;v . 74)
Includesb ibliographicarle ferences.
ISBN 0-87590-902-7
1. Sea ice--AntarcticO cean.øI . Jeffries,M . O. (Martin O.)
Iio Series
GB2597.A48 1998
551.34'3'09167--dc21 97-53113
CIP
ISBN 0-87590-902-7
ISSN 0066-4634
Cover.( BackgroundP) ancakeic er idinga swelli n the northeastemRo ssS ea.( InsetsI)c eberga ndn ew
iceg rowingi n a polynyan earP eterI Island,B ellingshauseSne a;c loseupo f pancakeic e;v erticalt hin
sectiono f iceb etweenc rossepdo larizingfi lters,s howing(f romt opt o bottom)s uperimposeicde ,f razil
ice,a ndc ongelatioinc e.P hotographcso urtesCy omeliusW . Sullivan( pancakeic ec loseupa) ndM artin
O. Jeffries( all others).
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CONTENTS
Preface
Martin O. defj?ies xi
Snow Cover on Sea Ice
The WinterS nowC overo f the WestA ntarcticP ackI ce: Its Spatiaal ndT emporaVl ariability
Matthew Sturm, Kim Morris, and RobertA . Massom
SnowD epthD istributioOnv erS eaIc ei nt heS outheOrnc eaFnr omS atellitPea ssivMei crowavDea ta
Thorsten Markus and Donald d. Cavalieri 19
Ice Formation, Thicknessa nd Drift in the Pack Ice
EastA ntarcticS eaI ce: A Reviewo f Its StructureP, ropertiesa ndD rift
AnthonPy. WorbyR, oberAt . Massorlea,n A llisonV, ictoriLay tlea, ndP etraH ell 41
LateW interF irst-YeaIrc e FloeT hicknesVsa riabilityS, eawateFrl oodinga ndS nowI ce Formationin the
Amundsen and Ross Seas
MartinO .J efj?ieSsh, usuLni, R icardAo. J a(cid:127)a,H . RoyK rousaen, dB arbarHa urst-Cushing 69
DerivinMg odeasn dR ateosf I ceG rowtihn t heW eddeSlle aF romM icrostructuSraalli,n ity
and Stable-IsotopeD ata
89
Hajo Eicken
Temporaanl dR egionVaal riatioonf S eaIc eD rafat ndC overaginet heW eddeSlle a
ObtainedF rom UpwardL ookingS onars
Volker H. Strass and Eberhard Fahrbach 123
Sea Ice Drift and DeformationP rocesseisn the WesternW eddell Sea
CathleeAn . GeigerS, tepheFn. Ackleya, ndW illiamD . HiblerI II 141
Satellite Microwave Observationso f Pack Ice Characteristicsa nd Processes
OscillatorBye havioIrn AntarctiSc eaI ceC oncentrations
Per Gloersena nd Alena Mernicky 161
Lengtho f theS eaI ceS easoinn theS outherOnc ean1, 988-1994
173
Claire L. Parkinson
ActiveM icrowaveR emoteS ensingO bservationosf WeddelSl eaI ce
187
Mark R. Drinkwater
SeaI ceC haracteristaicnsd S easonVaal riabilitoy f ERS-1S ARB ackscattienr t heB ellingshausSeena
Kim Morris, Martin O. JefJ?iesa,n dS husunL i 213
Interactions Between Ice, Ocean and Atmosphere
AntarcticO cean-lceI nteraction:Im plicationsF rom OceanB ulk PropertyD istributionsin the WeddellG yre
DouglasG . Martinsona nd Richard,4.l annuzzi 243
Ice Formationin CoastaPl olynyasin the WeddellS eaa ndT heirI mpacto n OceanicS alinity
ThorstenM arkus, ChristophK ottmeier,a nd EberhardF ahrbach 273
InterannuaVl ariabilityi n SummerS eaI ce Minimum,C oastaPl olynyasa ndB ottomW ater
Formation in the Weddell Sea
dosefinoC . Comisoa nd Arnold L. Gordon 293
Marginal Ice Zone Characteristics and Processes
MesoscaleIc e Featuresi n the SummerM arginal Ice Zone off EastQ ueenM aud Land Observed
in NOAA AVHRR Imagery
YasushFi ukamachi,K ay 1. Ohshima,a nd TakayukiI shikawa 317
Wave Dampingi n CompactP ancakeIc e Fieldsd uet o InteractionBs etweenP ancakes
HayIcy H. Shena nd Vernon,4 . Squire 325
Landfast and Marine Ice Characteristics
SomeF eatureso f the Growth,S tructurea ndM etamorphismo f EastA ntarcticL andfastS eaI ce
VladimirI . Fedotov,N ikolay V. Cherepanova, nd KonstantinP . Tyshko 343
Physicaal nd StructuraPl ropertieso f LandfastS eaI ce in McMurdo Sound,A ntarctica
AnthonyJ . Gow, StephenF . Ackley,J ohn W. Govoni,a nd WilfordF . Weeks 355
Linking LandfastS ea Ice Variability to Marine Ice Accretiona t Hells Gate Ice Shelf, RossS ea
Jean Louis Tison,R eginaldD . Lotrain, Ariane BouzetteM, ichelaD ini, AldinoB ondesan,
and Michel Stidvenard 375
PREFACE
In a 1971 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research With the benefit of hindsightt he Lewis and Weeks
reportt hatr eviewedp olarc ontrastisn seai ce,L yn Lewis paper revealsh ow little was known at the time about
and Willy Weeks made the following observation: Antarcticp ack ice. From field experimentsa nd remote
"Peoplew ho studys eai ce in the ArcticB asina re com- sensingt o modelingo f the pack ice and fast ice, the
monlya skedi f theyh avee vers tudiedic e in Antarctica, papersin this volumes houldd ispela ny lingeringn otion
and they answer' why bother,i t's the sameo ld stuff." that Antarctic sea ice is "the same old stuff." At the same
Noting this was "fortunatelyt rue to a considerable time,a lthougho bservationhsa veb eenm ade" beyondt he
extent,"t hey added" It is clear that future work will fast ice edgea t all seasonso f the year" for somet ime
dependc riticallyo n the logisticsfa cilitiesa vailablet o now,t hesep apersa lsod emonstratteh atm uchr emainst o
allow surfaceo bservationbse yondt he fast ice edgea t all be learned.P erhapss ea ice geophysicistsa,t mospheric
seasonosf the year. Of almoste quali mportancwe ill be scientistsa,n d oceanographerosf bothp olarp ersuasions
the developmenotf instrumentasn dr ecordinge quipment will find hereint he inspirationto pursuet he interdisci-
suitedf or use in the polar environment("L ewis, E. L., plinarys tudiesth ata rev italt o improvingo uru nderstand-
and W. F. Weeks, Sea Ice: Some Polar Contrasts, in, ing of the complexA ntarctics ea ice physicale nviron-
AntarcticI ce and Water Masses,e ditedb y G. Deacon, ment. Believed to be sensitivet o climate change,t hat
ScientificC ommitteeo n AntarcticR esearchC, ambridge, environmenat lsoi nfluencess eai ce biology,t he subject
23-34, 1971). of a companionv olume,A ntarcticS ea Ice: Biological
Lewis and Weeks made no specific mention of Processes,I nteractions and Variability, edited by M.
Earth-orbitings atellites,o n which the first passive Lizotte and K. Arrigo.
microwaves ensobr ecameo perationainl December1 972. Many peopleh aveh elpedt o maket hisb ookp ossible.
Less than a year later the giant WeddellP olynyaw as I would like to thank the authorsw ho respondeds o
observedf or the first time. Perhapsm oret han any other positivelyto my originals olicitations,e ntb y e-mail from
developmentt,h is unexpectedfe ature illustratedt he the R.V. NathanielB . Palmer,d eepw ithint hep acko f the
potentialt o greatlye xpando ur knowledgeo f sea ice westernR ossS ea. It was theret hat I receiveda message
throught he applicationo f spacebornree motes ensing. from the ARS Boardo f AssociateE ditorsi nquiringa s to
Simultaneouslyit, acteda s a catalystf or a significant my interesitn beingt he editoro f thisb ook.I n the subse-
increase in the level of research. quenjto urneyt o thisf 'mapl roductI, wasa blya ssistebdy
The contributions to this volume demonstrate that many reviewers and by ARS editor Stan Jacobs.
advancesin technologya nd improvementisn logistics Syun-lchi Akasofu (Director, GeophysicalI nstitute,
sincet he early 1970'sh avei ndeedi ncreaseodu r under- Universityo f Alaska Fairbanks)p rovidedu nqualified
standinogf Antarctics eai cep rocesseisn,t eractionasn, d encouragemenatn d supportf or my involvemenitn this
variabilityS. atelliteim aginga llowsu st o studyv ariability project.N SF grantsD PP 9117211,O PP 9316767,a nd
in the extent and area of the pack ice, along with its OPP 9614844, which have fundedm y Antarctics ea ice
motiona ndd eformationF.i elde xperimenttsh ate nablei n researchin recenty ears,a lsop rovidedp artials upporfto r
situo bservationasn d measurementasr e enhancedb y the my editoriala ctivities.
availabilityo f real-timer emoted ataa nda ccuratep osi-
tioning systemsa boardi cebreakingr esearchv essels. Martin O. Jeffries
Theses hipsc ann ow operated uringa ll seasonisn the GeophysicaIln stitute
pack ice, providinge ssentiasl amplesfo r laboratory Universityo f AlaskaF airbanks
analysisa,n dv alidationo f satellite-derivperdo ductsB.o th
satellite and in situ data contributet o the forcing and Editor
validation fields that are vital for realistic numerical
modelinga ndc omputesri mulationosf iceg rowthd, rift,
andd ecaya t a varietyo f spatiala ndt emporasl cales.
xi