Table Of ContentScientific Seminar on Antarctic Ocean Variability and
its lnDuence on Marine Living Resources, Particularly Krill
Paris, 2-6 June 1987
Sponsors
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
Commission for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Supported by
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
Organizer
Steering Group for the Seminar
Dietrich Sahrhage (Ed.)
Antarctic Ocean
and Resources
Variability _ __
With 232 Figures
Springer -Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Professor Dr. DIETRICH SAHRHAGE
Institut fUr Seefischerei der
Bundesforschungsanstalt fUr Fischerei
Palmaille 9
2000 Hamburg 50, FRG
ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73726-8 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73724-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Scientific Seminar on Antarctic Ocean Variability and its
Influence on Marine Living Resources, Particularly Krill (1987 : Paris, France) Antarctic Ocean and resources
variability / Scientific Seminar on Antarctic Ocean Variability and its Influence on Marine Living Resources,
Particularly Krill, Paris, 2-6 June 1987 ; D. Sahrhage (ed.). p. cm. "Sponsors: Commission for the Conservation
of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
Includes Index. ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73726-8 l. Marine ecology-Antarctic Ocean-Congresses. 2. Marine resour
ces-Antarctic Ocean-Congresses. 3. Ocean circulation-Antarctic Ocean-Congresses. 4. Krill-Antarctic
Ocean-Congresses. I. Sahrhage, D. II. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
III. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. IV. Title. QH95.58.S35 1987. 574.5'2636'09167-dc 19
88-23481
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
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Preface
During the intensification of research activities in the Southern Ocean in recent
years, both at national levels and through international cooperation in such projects
as BIOMASS with its FIBEX and SIBEX phases, the need was felt increasingly for
closer collaboration between biologists, meteorologists, and oceanographers in the
study of the interaction between the atmospheric forces, the water masses, and the
living resources. Better knowledge in this regard is not only of scientific interest
but also of practical importance, especially for the management of the resources
and the protection of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
As a follow-up on a recommendation by the IOC Program Group for the Southern
Oceans made in March 1983, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
organized a meeting of experts on oceanography related to the dynamics of the
Antarctic ecosystems. During this meeting, held in Kiel, Federal Republic of Ger
many, in May 1984, biologists and oceanographers involved in BIOMASS activities
met with the oceanographers of SCOR Working Group 74 to discuss ways and means
for additional physical and chemical observations in the oceanographic research
within BIOMASS. It was the time when large fluctuations in the distribution of krill
with subsequent detrimental effects on predator species dependent on krill had just
been observed, and the question arose whether this was possibly the result of changes
in the Antarctic water circulation. The need for further interdisciplinary research in
this field was identified, and out of this the idea developed to hold a Scientific
Seminar on Antarctic Ocean Variability and its Influence on Marine Living Resources,
particularly Krill.
The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(CCAMLR), especially its Scientific Committee, has much interest in studies on this
subject, particularly at the stage when its ecosystem monitoring program is being
developed. Consequently, CCAMLR and IOC agreed to sponsor jOintly the Seminar
and also to provide financial support for publishing the Seminar contributions in this
book. Support for the Seminar was also obtained from SCAR and SCOR.
The Seminar was held in Paris from 2 to 6 June 1987. About 80 scientists from
18 countries and several international organizations participated. The Seminar
provided a forum for the presentation of scientific contributions and for the dis
cussion of results on the following major aspects:
What is known on the variability in the Antarctic Ocean circulation system?
What are the possible causes for such variations?
To what extent and how does this ocean variability influence primary productiv
ity, zooplankton and other organisms?
- To what extent and how does this ocean variability influence krill distribution
and abundance?
What are the effects on krill predators (seals, penguins, fishes, etc.)?
The Seminar was prepared and carried out with the assistance of an international
Steering Group with nine prominent scientists as its members. Contributions to the
VI
Seminar, presented in this book, were accepted by the Steering Group and were
reviewed by a considerable number of specialists in the various fields.
The editor, who acted also as convenor of the Seminar, wishes to thank all col
leagues, members of the Steering Group, session chairmen and rapporteurs, par
ticipants in the meeting, reviewers Of the manuscripts, and especially the authors
of the contributions, for their work.
Hamburg, September 1988 D. Sahrhage
Contents
Part 1 Meso/Large-Scale Variability in the Environment
A Survey of the Atmospheric Elements at the Ocean's Surface South of 400S
H. van Loon and DJ. Shea. (With 20 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
Variability of the Atmospheric Circulation over the Drake Passage, Scotia Sea
and Weddell Sea
L. Kaufeld. (With 16 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Some Indications for Environmental and Krill Resources Variability in the
Southern Ocean
D. Sahrhage. (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Spatial and Temporal Variability Within the Southern Ocean
A.L. Gordon. (With 5 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Upper Ocean Characteristics in Drake Passage and Adjoining Areas of the
Southern Ocean, 39°W-95°W
H.A. Sievers and W.D. Nowlin Jr. (With 16 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
Variation of Geostrophic Circulation off the Antarctic Peninsula and in the
Southwest Scotia Sea, 1975-1985
M. Stein. (With 13 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
Variation of Positions and Structures of the Oceanic Fronts in the
Indian Ocean Sector of the Southern Ocean in the Period from 1965 to 1987
Y. Nagata, Y. Michida, and Y. Umimura. (With 7 Figures) ................ 92
Part 2 Meso/Large-Scale Variability in the Biota (Related to the Environment)
Seasonal and Interannual Variabilities in Antarctic Phytoplankton with
Reference to Krill Distribution
S.Z. El-Sayed. (With 14 Figures) ................................. 101
Scales of Interaction Between Antarctic Krill and the Environment
EJ. Murphy, DJ. Morris, J.L. Watkins, and J. Priddle. (With 8 Figures) ....... 120
Interannual Variability in Estimated Primary Productivity of the Antarctic
Marginal Ice Zone
W.O. Smith Jr., N.K. Keene, and J.C. Comiso. (With 5 Figures) ............ 131
VIII
Effects of Pack Ice on the Composition of Micronektonic Communities in the
Weddell Sea
D.G. Ainley, W.R. Fraser, and K.L. Daly. (With 5 Figures) ............... 140
Patterns of Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Their Variation in Early Life
Stages of Antarctic Fish in the Antarctic Peninsula Region
A. Kellermann and K.-H. Kock. (With 8 Figures) ...................... 147
The Pelagic Ecosystem of the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica: An Analysis of
Microbiological, Planktological and Chemical Characteristics by Multivariate
Analyses
M. Bolter, B. von Bodungen, G. Liebezeit, and M. Meyer. (With 4 Figures) ..... 160
Part 3 Krill Variability in Relation to the Environment
Large-Scale Fluctuations in Distribution and Abundance of Krill -
A Discussion of Possible Causes
J. Priddle, J.P. Croxall, I. Everson, R.B. Heywood, EJ. Murphy, P.A. Prince,
and C.B. Sear. (With 6 Figures) ................................. 169
Hydrography, Krill and Fish and Their Possible Relationships Around
Elephant Island
F. Nast, K.-H. Kock, D. Sahrhage, M. Stein, and J.E. Tiedtke. (With 14 Figures) . 183
Can We Satisfactorily Estimate Variation in Krill Abundance?
I. Everson. (With 14 Figures) ................................... 199
Patterns of Fluctuations in the Hydrological Conditions of the Antarctic
and Their Effect on the Distribution of Antarctic Krill
V.V. Maslennikov and E.V. Solyankin. (With 4 Figures) ................. 209
Differences in the Hydrology, Biomass, and Species Distribution of Plankton,
Fishes, and Birds in the Bransfield Strait and the Drake Passage During
FIBEX 1981 and SIBEX 1983/84
S. Rakusa-Suszczewski ....................................... 214
A. Concept of Seasonal Variation of Krill (Euphausia superba) Distribution and
Abundance West of the Antarctic Peninsula
V. Siegel. (With 13 Figures) .................................... 219
Variability in Population Density of Antarctic Krill in the Western Scotia Sea
in Relation to Hydrological Conditions
R.R. Makarov, V.V. Maslennikov, E.v. Solyankin, V.A. Spiridonov, and
V.N. Yakovlev. (With 7 Figures) ................................. 231
Formation of Antarctic Krill Concentrations in Relation to Hydrodynamic
Processes and Social Behaviour
Z. Witek, J. Kalinowski, and A. Grelowski. (With 12 Figures) .............. 237
Variability in the Physical and Biotic Environment of the Antarctic Krill
(Euphausia superba Dana), South of Africa: Some Results and a Conceptual
Appraisal of Important Interactions
D.G.M. Miller and P.M.S. Monteiro. (With 15 Figures) .................. 245
IX
Part 4 Krill Variability Detected from Predator Studies
Reproductive Perfonnance of Seabirds and Seals at South Georgia and
Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, 1976-1987:
Implications for Southern Ocean Monitoring Studies
J.P. Croxall, T.s. McCann, P.A. Prince, and P. Rothery. (With 12 Figures) ..... 261
Long-Term Trends in the Foraging Patterns of Female Antarctic Fur Seals at
South Georgia
J.L Bengtson. (With 4 Figures) .................................. 286
Squid as Predators on Krill (fiuphausia superba) and Prey for Sperm Whales
in the Southern Ocean
T. Nemoto, M. Okiyama, N. Iwasaki, and T. Kikuchi. (With 6 Figures) ....... 292
Summary and Conclusions
D. Sahrhage .............................................. 297
Subject Index ............................................. 301
List of Contributors
You will find the adresses at the beginning of the respective contribution
Ainley, D.G. 140 Monteiro, P.M.S. 245
Bengtson, J.L. 286 Morris, DJ. 120
Bodungen, B. von 160 Murphy, EJ. 120, 169
Bolter, M. 160 Nagata, Y. 92
Comiso, J.C. 131 Nast,F. 183
Croxall,J.P. 169,261 Nemoto, T. 292
Daly, K.L. 140 Nowlin Jr., W.D. 57
El-Sayed, S.Z. 101 Okiyama, M. 292
Everson, I. 169, 199 Priddle, J. 120,169
Fraser, W.R. 140 Prince, P.A. 169,261
Gordon, A.L. 41 Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 214
Grelowski, A. 237 Rothery, P. 261
Heywood, R.B. 169 Sahrhage, D. 33,183,297
Iwasaki, N. 292 Sear, C.B. 169
Kalinowski, J. 237 Shea, DJ. 3
Kaufeld, L. 21 Siegel, V. 219
Keene, N.K. 131 Sievers, H.A. 57
Kellermann, A. 147 Smith Jr., W.O. 131
Kikuchi, T. 292 Solyankin, E.v. 209,231
Kock, K.-H. 147,183 Spiridonov, V.A. 231
Liebezeit, G. 160 Stein,M. 81,183
Makarov, R.R. 231 Tiedtke, J.E. 183
Maslennikov, V.v. 209,231 Umimura, Y. 92
McCann, T.s. 261 Van Loon, H. 3
Meyer, M. 160 Watkins, J.L. 120
Michida, Y. 92 Witek, Z. 237
Miller D.G.M. 245 Yakovlev, V.N. 231
